N.B. Meaning

Now, pay attention! Thats the basic meaning of N.B.  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  the abbreviated form of the Latin phrase nota bene (literally, note well). N.B. still appears in some forms of academic writing as a way of steering readers attention toward something particularly important. Etymology The phrase nota bene is Latin and may technically be a shortened form of the phrase notate bene, which means note well. The verb notare means to note. Notate (and, for that matter, nota as well) is a specific conjugation in the imperative mood, indicating that it is a command, not a neutral description of action. The difference between notate and nota is simply a matter of singular versus plural: nota addresses one individual, while notate gives the same instruction to a group of two or more. Bene is a common Latin adverb that simply means well. While many Latin words evolved over time to become slightly different words in the various Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, French, and so on), bene is one that still exists: it has the same meaning in contemporary Italian. Usage of Latin in the Modern Era Two or three centuries ago, when classical Latin was widely taught in British and American schools, it wasnt unusual for Latin expressions to appear in English prose. For proof, pick up an American dollar bill and look at the Great Seal of the United States on the reverse (or greenback) side. There on the left, just above the floating eye and the unfinished pyramid, is the Latin phrase Annuit Coeptis, loosely translated as Providence has approved our undertaking. At the base of the pyramid is MDCCLXXVI (1776 in Roman numerals) and below that the motto Novus Ordo Seclorum (a new order of the ages). To the right, on the ribbon in the eagles beak, is the countrys first motto, E Pluribus Unum, or one out of many. Now thats a lot of Latin for a buck! But keep in mind that the Great Seal was approved by Congress way back in 1782. Since 1956 the official motto of the U.S. has been In God We Trust —  in English. As the Romans used to say, Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (Times change, and we change with them). Nowadays, with a few exceptions (such as A.D., a.m., and p.m.), abbreviations for Latin words and phrases have become rare in ordinary writing. And so our advice regarding most Latin abbreviations (including e.g., etc., et al., and i.e.) is generally to avoid using them when an English word or phrase would do just as well. If you must use them (say in footnotes, bibliographies, and technical lists), consider these guidelines on how to tell them apart and use them correctly. Examples of Usage Nota bene is used, in the modern world at least, most frequently in legal writing to draw attention to something specific. It also shows up in academia from time to time, although the simpler, English indicator note has largely replaced nota bene or n.b. in these instances. In more recent writing, n.b. is the most common marking, but it actually was not used at all in the medieval era. Medieval texts have several different nota bene marks: DM (which stands for dignum memoria, another Latin phrase that translates as worth remembering), various anagrams of the word nota, or, most amusingly, tiny drawings of a hand (formally called a manicule or index) pointing at the section that needs specific attention. Outside of legal and technical writing, n.b. is fairly archaic in contemporary English writing. You might still come across formal writing or directions that use it: You will have 60 minutes to complete the test. N.B.: A single 3x5 index card of notes may be used during this exam.The train will depart  at 10 a.m. on February 2. N.b: Tickets cannot be exchanged or refunded. In general, however, when modern writers want their readers to pay close attention to something or not miss an important piece of information, they will use a different phrase. Popular substitutes include please note or important, which still place emphasis on the necessarily information without use of a semi-archaic Latin abbreviation.

Power And Institutional Control / Domination Essay

The paper that I’m writing will reflect on power and institutional control/ domination. This paper will discuss how supplemental readings #4 Emile Durkheim- The Rules of Sociological Method, #14 Karl Marx- The Communist Manifesto, #16 Max Weber- Economy and Society #20 M. Foucault- Docile Bodies from Discipline and Punish all contribute to a true meaning understanding of power and institutions control/ domination. The key components that deals with power, and institutions control/ domination are family relationships between two people either related by birth, marriage, adoption and in some any long -standing ties of intimacy. Education in which knowledge, skills and values are transmitted from on individual or group to another. Religion is based on beliefs and practices pertaining to the norms about the right way to live that is shared a group of believers. Economic institutions are a set of arrangements by which a society produces, distributes and consume goods. Political ins titutions that pertain to the governance of a society. These social institutions listed above are established or standardized patterns of rule governed behaviors that are controlled. Article 1. Emile Durkheim a French Sociologist truly believed that the study of society was to base on and examined on facts. When it comes to what are social facts. Durkheim concept of how and what is society is composed of individuals that keeps society moving and even what makes it fall apart. Social fact consists ofShow MoreRelatedFoucault and the Theories of Power and Identity Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesFoucault believed that power is never in any one persons hands, it does not show itself in any obvious manner but rather as something that works its way into our imaginations and serves to constrain how we act. For example in the setting of a workplace the power does not pass from the top down; instead it circulates through their organizational practices. 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Domination is the exercise of power over a different subjectRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Civil Rights Movement1407 Words   |  6 Pagessubtle hegemonic power that unfairly withholds political, economic, and social advantages from people of color as the â€Å"possessive investment in whiteness† (2-3). This process of domination is precisely what occurred in the post-Civil Rights Era. Despite the alleged progress believed to have been made, by the mid-1970s â€Å"the overall conditions of the African Am erican population were worse than before the movement,† precisely because of the hegemonic power structure’s effort to restore power (Morant 75)Read MoreAnalysis Of Patricia Hill Collins s Black Feminists1088 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Collins, African-American women inhabit a sex/gender hierarchy in which inequalities of race and social class have been sexualized. By examining the links between sexuality and power, Collins reveals how important controlling Black women’s sexuality has been to the effective operation of domination overall. In other words, Collins claims that sexuality becomes a domain of restriction and repression when it is tied to race, class, and gender. Comparably, in her book Imposing Decency: TheRead MoreSocial Construction And Its Dynamic Effect On Power1157 Words   |  5 Pagesschools of thought in regards to power: power as ‘stuff’ and power as ‘relational’. James Arvanitakis explores the significance of power, inequality, and the numerous complex facets of modern society. This includes the emergence of uneven power relationships and the supremacy of particular groups in society. Hence, the idea of ‘social construction’ and its dynamic effect on power as ‘stuff’ and ‘relational’. The work of philosopher Michel Foucault in regards to social power and disparity attempts to uncover

Sustainable Operations and Destinations †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Operations and Destinations. Answer: Background of the topic Sustainable operations are a vital factor for the tourism sector, the development of which also guarantees the betterment of the respective countries economy (Goeldner Ritchie, 2012). To understand the importance of sustainability in tourism, two destinations are chosen such as London in UK and New York City in USA. The main purpose of this assignment is to analyse the sustainability of the tourism sector in the chosen destinations. Comparison between selected locations Triple Bottom Line Approach Triple bottom line approach advocates the measurement of people, profit and planet. The mentioned approach would check the development of three factors based on the mentioned method. London New York City Profit Highly incrementing economy of the tourism industry, which is set to get double by the end of 2025 One of the largest economy producing sectors in the London and the country Represent 11.6% of the entire GDP in London (Dodds Graci, 2012) Number of foreign visitors have doubled in the last 15 years An integral part of the city Most visited place in the USA for the last 9 consecutive years (Sorkin Zukin, 2013) People Highly developed tourism sector Both domestic and foreign visitors have constantly thronged to the destination in the last 9 years (Maitland Newman, 2014) The tourism industry is experiencing the tourists of all the ages and the cultures Mass development of tourism High numbers of domestic customers but it comparatively lacks in international tourists High numbers of cultures assimilation such as people from Italy, Australia, Japan, China and United Kingdom Local culture is also safe with the mass tourism development Planet Major infrastructures have been performed to accommodate the constant movement of tourists More than 300 theatres and more than 12,000 restaurants (Maitland Newman, 2014) It is one of those cities, which have high-end connectivity with the different parts of world through different Airports One of the most successful hotel development pipeline in the country Infrastructure development have made this more accessible than the past (Maitland Newman, 2014) Table 1: Triple Bottom Line Approach Source: (created by author) Identified challenges Inappropriate tourism development in environmental and weak cultural settings is one of the challenges, which are affecting the immature development in both the towns. New York City is experiencing in particular an uneven turnaround of the visitors. The country is having comparatively less number of foreign tourists probably because of Trumps unsocial move. There is no such problem in London as it has actively maintained a uniform fall of both the domestic and the international visitors. However, the city is not that much friendlier with the other cultures. It has infected racism activities in the city as well as in the country (Goeldner Ritchie, 2012). Regulation in managing challenge The New York City Tourists are doing extremely well to attract foreign visitors. They are spending four times more on attracting the foreign visitors; however, the turnaround growth is yet to happen. The UK government is also taking some initiatives to raise the sense of generosity in the local residents for the different cultures. The actions have produced some improvement also but these improvements are ignorable. It is very difficult to provide a robust solution to the identified problem; however, the city of London is still amongst the top destinations for the foreign visitors (Goeldner Ritchie, 2012). Butler Sequence The butler sequence speaks on the life cycle, which a particular destination covers through its entire journey. The main deciding factors of the cycle are the number of visitors and the respective times. The cycle has five stages such as investigation, participation, expansion, consolidation and stagnation. These five stages help in decide the tourism growth in the chosen destination. Butler Sequence for London According to the butler sequence, London is still in the expansion state. It has yet to reach the stagnation stage. The highly incrementing growth and the consequent visitors fall have helped kept London at the expansion or the development stage. Butler Sequence for New York City According to the definition of butler sequence New York City is at the stage of development. This is very much evident in its process, which has targeted the foreign visitors in particular. They are spending four times bigger on attracting the foreign visitors. Conclusion The tourism development has had progressed in a mature pace in both London and New York City. However, both the cities have realized the necessity of developing their tourism industry. New York City is having a comparatively higher rate of growth because London has already been able to attract both the domestic and foreign visitors and this is why it does not require any notable changes at this stage. However, New York City has not been able a comparatively bigger participation of foreign visitors. Moreover, they are spending much on the foreign visitors. References Dodds, R., Graci, S. (2012).Sustainable tourism in island destinations. Routledge. Goeldner, C. R., Ritchie, J. B. (2012).Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies(No. Ed. 12). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Maitland, R., Newman, P. (2014).World tourism cities: Developing tourism off the beaten track. Routledge. Sorkin, M., Zukin, S. (Eds.). (2013).After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City. Routledge.

The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Essay Example

The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Paper Michael Moore produced the film Bowling for Columbine with the intention of persuading the viewers that gun laws are too relaxed in the United States. He believes that these laws have both contributed and added to, what he describes as a state of perpetual paranoia and a culture of fear amongst all of Americas citizens. Although Moore himself is not against guns since he is actually a member of the National Rifle Association (NRA). He does hold the opinion that the fear mongering and trepidation encouraged by both the media and politicians, intensifies the potential dangers of individual gun ownership, by reducing the nationwide threshold with regards to violence with firearms, and thus exposing many innocent people to violent attacks. Moore uses an array of persuasive techniques through the course of his polemic; with the most effective being irony and satirical humor, scene sequencing and sound effects and finally intelligent manipulation of background music. The first key scene A Wonderful World rebuts the conception that the US is a benevolent force around the world and that it does not use its military strength to physically impose and cause deliberate harm. In confrontation to this view, Moore is attempting to show that the USAs propensity for violence overseas contributes to the growing levels and intensities of violence in America. The scene is enclosed by sequences shot in Littleton, Colorado is compliant with Moores overall objective of the film: to expose Americas misguided love of guns and violence. We will write a custom essay sample on The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The preceding scene to this key scene is typical of Moores persuasive style and is a polemic in its own right, the direct paradox between supplier and victim along with the juxtaposing music is another example of satirical humor. The preceding scene is of the Lockheed Martin spokesman: Lockheed Martin is Americas largest producer of inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM). The conversation between Moore and the spokesman is ironically positioned in front of an ICBM and the spokesmans words undermining Americas proclivity for violence especially before the scene at hand is another example of ironic scene sequencing and irony. The actual scene contains many emotive visuals, as it is a newsreel of many atrocities involving America in the previous fifty years. The effect of the posters displaying unity and the visuals allow us to humanely connect with the scene and the individuals as Moore allows the observer to come to their own conclusion on their stance. The irony of the Wonderful World song is another example of satirical humor and indirectly creates an eerily awkward tone, which magnifies the emotional impact on the observer, thus making the scene more effective. The subtitles throughout make the scene appear more official: as it makes us interpret the statements as facts in our minds which is just a human tendency, again adding to the effectiveness as it describes the monstrosities that the pictures display. However emotive language is used in the subtitles instead of actual facts as they are more interesting to the audience: Moore distorts factual evidence with his own opinions of events but this is almost undetectable due to the speed at which the slides are changing which is again limiting the audience chance, indirectly, to think independently. The vast flow of information throughout creates a negative impression of America as it shows the vastness of support for Moores motion, however it also allows very little time to actually think about the points he is making and any other in-depth attempts of analytical observation are barred by the repetitive sound of gunfire which is another persuasive technique. However, arguably the most affective technique in this scene is not what Moore includes but what he decides to selectively omit. The scene appears to show historical accounts of what America has done in the years previously, however history is the story of both sides and rather than give information on presidential leaders they are immediately classed as dictators, this is very effective as it makes no room for sub-conscious objections. The scene itself starts with a picture of a frail leader with the caption Mossadeq overthrown again this is opinionative suggesting that it was not Americas duty to intervene. Also the most emotive part of this scene is the visual itself as it depicts an old, frail man whilst the word overthrown is very strong and again indicative of unnecessary and disproportional violence. The following scene again uses emotive visuals and language as it shows the replacement that America subsequently installed. However the subtitles are biased in that they call Shah a dictator and display him and Iranian soldiers marching in a goosestep-esque fashion, essentially aligning the US with installing another Hitler into the Iranian system. Repetition of this emotive visuals and language continues when it shows democratically elected Arbenz overthrown, which is again political bias and selective omission as it disregards the information that he became a tyrannical dictator that murdered his people. The use of Statistics when describing the 200000 civilians killed seems duly informed, as there is no source. However it is emotive in that statistics are always perceived to be true. Even the statistics are used as a persuasive technique as they claim the casualties are civilians is more emotive as it connects with the audience it aligns with Moores message that America is ruthless in international conflicts. When the scene comes to Diem being assassinated is yet another example of selective omission as it fails to mention that this was at a time of extreme international tension after the second world war the red scare or the fear of communism was rife amongst the western world. However the portrayal of the corpse with the subtitle is again manipulative as it prevents the audience from coming up with an impartial decision, as it is impossible to regard a corpse as humane. Another important section of this scene was the element on The Vietnam war that still plays in the hearts and minds of many Americans today and would be very familiar to many Americans perhaps unlike all the other scenes scripted earlier in this scene. The limited use of statistics before this point emphasizes and stresses the disproportional use of force where 4 million people were killed. Again the word killed is very harsh and displays no remorse and reinforces Michael Moores view. The rest of the other scenes are repetitive in response as they again use emotive visuals and language as well as selective omission to make them more emotive. The pictures often display weak and powerless individuals being slain however information is selectively omitted to make these killings seem irrational but in many cases many of these situations required intervention and disregarded the human rights of the citizens. However Moore does stress that 4 American Nuns were killed in violence in El Salvador, this again harbors Moores motion that oversea violence is returning to America in the form of violent crimes, the fact that the victims were Americans would convince many Americans of irrationality especially with the innocence associated with nuns. Another particularly emotive element of this scene is when it claims the US trained Osama Bin Laden during the war between Afghanistan and Russia this would be very alarming to many Americans whilst it is another example where selective omission and irony are the basis of the argument. The contextual reference of this scene is that Bin Laden and other Afghans were fighting to stop the spread of Communism in the region which is why the US supported them and indeed not to train terrorists. A similar section of this scene is when it claims US funds Saddam again playing on the minds of the audience as contextual information is lacking for persuasive purposes. This then directly links into the points of the Iraq war which many Americans now question the motives for, whilst adding any further information about the deaths and casualties involved in the war angering the general population into Moores perspective. However the lasts two sections of the scene are the most important in that they are the US funds Taliban in aid the greatest irony thus far and the sum of the aid is a significant $245million and is likely to anger the general population who are fully aware of the nature of the Taliban. Especially with the nature of the aid being inferred by all as weapons. This is instrumental as it is integral to Michael Moores view that it is the US actions with regards to foreign affairs that have caused violence on the home-front. The final section is 911 footage, this is very satirical and is deeply imbedded in the hearts of Americans however due to the sequencing Moore essentially allows the blame for the attacks to fall back on the US both in the preceding scenes by funding the Taliban and training Bin Laden and this would be very emotive. Ironically the wonderful world song finishes just as the second plane strikes the shorter tower as the scene reaches its climax this is exceptionally persuasive as the real life footage changes the mood and tone to deeply remorseful ones. One of Moores primary techniques is the positioning of clips: he often edits in a manner to make a highly emotive scene next to one that is factual or another that is a complete paradox. Thus, manipulating the viewers emotions to make them more receptive to his argument. The films early sections are short and almost entirely humorous ridiculing the opposition in the face of arguments. Moore targets respected figures of authority and pro-gun groups and ridicules them with pre-prepared difficult questions. Moore uses a sarcastic and satirical approach serves to undermine the view that personal gun ownership is questionable and its function, hunting, has become a cover for the ever-growing sense of fear within society. This tactic which Moore utilises throughout the beginning and mid-section of the film, it is designed to create the impression that the reader is choosing to side with Michael Moore, however his techniques only allow for one line of thought. Through humor he allows you to side with him against his opposition, implicitly aligning yourself with his beliefs. The second scene based on the school shooting at Columbine High School marks a change in tone as the documentary takes a more serious tone. Much of Moores ability to persuade hinges on the emotional impact of seeing two cold-blooded teenage boys gunning down other children with automatic weapons and explosives is the cornerstone of Moores rhetoric: the implied question is that why does America allow things like this too keep happening? Following the Columbine massacre, the National Rifle Association (NRA) held a rally only a few days after, and Moore shows this in the film. Moore cleverly cuts extracts from previous speeches made by Charlton Heston from my cold dead hands and makes it seem as though he said it immediately after the Columbine massacre. This is very effective as it persuades the viewer that even an event such as the one at Columbine, has no effect on people and the way they view a gun despite the fact that it has just claimed 12 innocent lives. The use of powerful imagery is also very effective within this scene and Moore cleverly edits and selects the clips which will have the desired effect on the viewer. Moore selects the video footage in a way so that the action gets more dramatic and there is more panic as Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold undergo their butchery. This manipulates the viewer into thinking that the events had an even bigger effect on people and that it caused an extreme level of fear, worry and panic. The quality of the image is quite poor and this makes it seem even more realistic for the viewer. This, combined with the fact that they see the two students open fire, make the footage very harrowing and disturbing for the viewer and exaggerate the problem of gun crime in the US. In the footage, Moore highlights Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold by shining a light on them. This makes it easier for the viewer to see exactly what they are doing, but it also makes them look like angels of death. This illustrates how the criminals have so much power and have the ability to take the life of other people if they choose to. During the footage, Moore plays the audio of an emergency call which was made during the events which makes the footage seem even more realistic and it means that it has a bigger impact on the viewer as they can hear the emotion and fear in the voices of the victims. This persuades the viewer that gun laws are too lax, as firearms have caused people to be put in such a state of panic and fear and that is not something that is desired. Following the CCTV footage, Moore reads out some statistics about the massacre such as the fact that over 900 rounds of ammunition were fired and that all of the weapons and ammunition was legally purchased. This is incredibly shocking for the viewer to hear and it persuades them to think that there needs to be a change in the gun laws, because it cannot be this easy to purchase and use firearms and cause such carnage. Overall, this sequence has a very big impact on the viewer and is very effective at persuading them to think that the gun laws in the US need to be changed and made stricter so that such events cannot repeat themselves. The impression is cleverly created by Moore, who uses techniques such as powerful imagery of the massacre, the editing of Charlton Hestons speech, positioning within the film as well as audio from recorded emergency calls. All of these combine to create a profound effect on the reader and Moore is very successful in manipulating the mind of the reader by using such techniques. The final key sequence within this film is the Brief History of the United States cartoon. This is an animation which simplifies some of the key events throughout American history in an attempt to find out why the USA has such high rates of gun crime. The purpose of this sequence is to mock and point out the nature of American culture and the fact that live in a society of constant fear and this is why there are such high gun crime rates. In this sequence, Moore uses techniques such as statistics, positioning, audio and imagery to persuade the viewer that the reason for the high gun crime is the culture of fear that America live in. This cartoon is positioned at the end of the film and that is very effective at persuading the viewer because this cartoon deals with the reason for the high gun crime, i. e. the reason why for the Columbine massacre and 9/11 attacks and this means that the viewer will be more likely to agree with it as they have seen the effects of firearms. Prior to the cartoon, Moore shows the statistics about the number of deaths caused by guns in several countries and this shows the US to be far higher than other countries: Japan 39 and USA 11,127. Moore shows the high figures of the US just after the low figures of Japan and this huge difference highlights how lax the gun laws are in the US. This makes it more effective as it makes the US seem worse and the problem seem greater and therefore that there is a greater need for there to be a change in gun laws. Moore uses simple cartons and basic drawings throughout this illustration and this means that it is appropriate for people of all ages, and even young children, which highlights how the problem affects everyone and not just adults. The fact that the narrator of the cartoon is a bullet which is constantly smiling and friendly encourages people to use guns and they are not dangerous, even though they clearly are. The cartoon format which Moore chose for this sequence is very sarcastic and jovial, which illustrates how the issue is not being taken seriously enough and this persuades the viewer that there needs to be a change in attitude and laws in the US. Moore cleverly omits certain periods of American history in order to show the US in a bad light; Moore only shows the parts of history in which American have been violent and used guns and they never mentioned any of the good deeds which America has done. This is very effective as it manipulates the viewer into thinking that America is all bad, when that is not necessarily the case. This is effective at persuading the viewer as they believe that change has to be taken in order for America to stop committing such bad behaviours such as burning witches and slavery.