Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Key Management - Assignment Example The organization has key choices like creating key partnerships with neighborhood retailers, offering cost authority and serious valuing. Chapter by chapter list Strategic administration of TESCO store 14 1 Strategic administration of TESCO grocery store 1 Executive outline 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Business condition 5 PEST system 5 Political elements 5 Economical components 6 Social elements 6 Technological elements 7 Porter’s five powers 7 Threat of new participant 7 Bargaining intensity of providers 8 Bargaining intensity of buyers 8 Threat of substitutes 9 Bargaining intensity of contenders 9 Internal investigation 9 Swot examination 11 Challenges confronting the association 12 Strategic choices 12 References 14 Introduction Food retail division in the United Kingdom utilizes more than 3 million individuals. This makes it the biggest business in the economy. Be that as it may, a developing number of general stores are going under extreme weight in view of amate urish treatment dispensed on partners in the gracefully chain. Tesco and different stores are focused on vital advancement arranges that lead to expanded profitability. This report gives a vital administration examination of Tesco general store. ... Joined Kingdom is Tesco’s biggest market. In this market Tesco works under Metro, Express, Extra and Superstore standards. The retailer has broadened to non-food lines for example garments. Tesco conveys near 40,000 food items. The organizations mark items work at three levels. The vast majority of the stores contain service stations. In this way, it has developed to happen to the main petroleum retailers in Britain. Tesco individual fund is a retailing administration offered by the general store is an offered to grow its piece of the pie. Business condition The business condition on a retailer assumes a focal job in its productivity. Organizations are feeling the squeeze to recognize their obligation to the general public. The presentation of assessments that focus on the expanded publicizing of greasy food will undoubtedly influence the exhibition of the store (Stone 2009). The connection among buyers and supplies has additionally been influenced due to the ‘fat taxâ⠂¬â„¢. The nearness of amazing contenders has prompted serious value wars. In certain cases, the outside market condition is threatening and governments attempt to shield the neighborhood businesses from remote rivalry. Government approaches that advance imposing business model controls have been accused for restricted access to certain business sectors and fragments. Such strategies have the ability to diminish the purchasing intensity of buyers. Separation is progressively turning out to be troublesome in light of unfortunate rivalry and government impedance. Tesco has built up an approach in which it diminishes the costs for fuel dependent on the measure of deals at its food supplies. The retailer remunerates by bringing costs up in different stores. Nuisance system Political factors Besides the United Kingdom, Tesco works in six nations in Europe. The administrative and

Introduction to Engineering - Truss Bridge Design Essay

Prologue to Engineering - Truss Bridge Design - Essay Example Prologue to Engineering - Truss Bridge Design This model effectively attempted to hold wanted burden and viably satisfied the heap opposition characteristics that a handy extension must have. Catchphrases Truss connect, connect rivalry, connect model, connect dependability. Presentation Bridge configuration is the principal part of structural designing and generally basic too. It is intended for transportation of substantial traffic; in the mean time, it is developed to adapt to ecological impacts like tempests. There are numerous kinds of extensions that are being utilized the world over, among them most regular are curve spans, support spans, bracket spans, cantilever spans, link stayed spans, moveable scaffolds and suspension bridges(SWE, 2012). The sort of extension that we consolidated in our structure is the bracket connect. These are the most established and the most prudent scaffolds found far and wide with amazing weight bearing capacity(BuildingBig, 2010). Atypical bracket connect is demonstrated as follows: Specialty of support spans is the triangular components present in the structure to share the heap applied on the extension by the traffic(JHU). In a run of the mill bracket connect plan the flat individuals are answerable for bearing burdens because of level just as powerful pressure. In our extension plan we utilized Popsicle sticks to make support individuals just as the base of the scaffold. These sticks were combined by utilizing paste. Where required, the sticks were sliced to the necessary lengths for making triangle structures of the extension. For giving solidarity to the plan, the sticks were stacked over one another in 3 to 4 layers and the entire structure was made which is demonstrated as follows: Before finishing the above extension plan, we tried various scaffold structures before also by utilizing west point connect plan, yet each one of those structures fizzled while testing. By utilizing vital procedures to plan pragmatic scaffolds dependent on load conveyance mistakes were diminished and thickness of supports and different individuals was expanded. This offered strength to the extension structure. After that we began working in the structure of the extension. For that reason the primary undertaking was to choose the fitting material for building support connect which works out positively for our dimensional necessities. In this way, popsicle sticks were picked as a favored material. After that all the sticks were set apart at the purpose of applying paste. Starting advance was to plan the base casing of the structure wherein three layers of sticks were utilized. Here is the perspective on one base structure. All out two rails were made for the scaffold. In the wake of organizing the base subsequent stage was to structure the rectangular support segment of the scaffold. For that reason initial two stages of base plan were utilized; to gather popsicle sticks and sticking them together. From that point onward, triangular bits were organized and consolidated. These supports were then associated with the base rails as demonstrated as follows: Last advance was to interface the gathering of both the brackets and base rails to one another by utilizing popsicle sticks and sticking them to the base. Along these lines the last structu re was drawn. Results and Discussion In the plan of first extension, all out 145 popsicle sticks were utilized and the subsequent load of the scaffold was determined to be roughly 198.3lbs. The planned scaffold

Back To School Classroom Shopping and Organization

Back To School Classroom Shopping and Organization TeacherVision Advisory Board Member Mikaela shares the best places to shop for back to school and land a sweet deal. She then shares how she sets up her classroom, so you have some ideas for where to begin. by Mikaela Prego Getting ready for the start of the school year can become expensive pretty quickly. Some schools have classroom funds that teachers can tap into to equip their classrooms for the year, but most teachers need to pay out of pocket. So, we found some of the big deals that will help you save on classroom set up materials and first day of school necessities. You don't have to break the bank to get everything you need.   Michael’s, AC Moore and JoAnn Fabrics   These craft stores, while constantly having other deals and specials, always offer 15-20% off to teachers. All you need is your teacher ID with you, and if you become a member, you can stay updated on the other discounts and deals they offer throughout the year. I go to these stores throughout the year as I need certain items, but some of my go-to purchases at the beginning of the year are paint brushes, glue sticks, name tags, clothespins and stickers.   Lakeshore Learning Lakeshore is an incredible resource and it is specifically for teachers! If you become a Teacher’s Club Member, you get 15% off on hundreds of items in store and you can access other rewards throughout the year. The store allows you to try before you buy on certain items and they even have free teacher workshops! I do have a tendency to walk in and come out with more than what I intended to buy because I often come across resources I didn’t even realize could be essential for my classroom.   Target Dollar Section   Target is another place I often find myself at the beginning of the school year, especially their dollar section. Again, with a teacher ID, you can earn a 10% discount off your purchase. At target, I’m often in search of bins for organization and then I make sure to give myself plenty of time to sift through the dollar section. There are so many treasures I have found there. If you want a little help deciding what you might need at target, two teachers have created an Instagram devoted to sharing Target ideas and deals! Follow them @targetteachers. National Geographic National Geographic offers $1 digital downloads to teachers. While this doesn’t necessarily help you set up your classroom, it is definitely a valuable resource for the school year. As you spend the beginning of the year setting up or taking a deep dive into standards and your scope and sequence, National Geographic can provide access to strong anchor texts for lessons, units and expeditions. Other media and journal outlets with deals for teachers include the New York Times, TIME and MagazineLine.   Home Depot   During my graduate program, I learned from a professor that Home Depot loves teachers. You can receive tax exemptions with the correct paperwork from your school, but beyond that, if you let them know you’re a teacher, they’ll often provide some free donations. This has included eucatile or other boards that can be cut and used as personal white boards, carpet squares, buckets for storage and other surplus materials they might have at the store. It is not always guaranteed that you’ll receive something for free, but it definitely doesn’t hurt to let them know that you’re a teacher!       Loft, Madewell and JCrew for clothes Much like NatGeo, this deal may not help you prep your classroom, but it will definitely help you feel ready for the first days of school. These stores, and many others, offer 15-20% discounts to teachers on all items, all you have to do is show your ID. This has been key for me in finding teacher outfits that last a long time, and help me feel confident in the classroom. Other Teachers Check out what’s available in your school. Often, other teachers are trying to get rid of some things or a teacher might be retiring. It is great to recycle all these resources rather than let them get thrown out or donated. I just snagged some great pocket charts, a calendar and a science kit from a fellow teacher! How I Set Up My Classroom   Setting up my classroom usually has me making multiple trips to and from any combination of these stores. I have found that making a list and a design plan has helped me consolidate my trips into 1 or 2, rather than the 15-20 trips I made during my first year of teaching. Obviously, I have also collected and saved items throughout the years.   My design is closely tied to the routines and procedures I want to have in my classroom. If I plan on working with centers or a Daily 5 approach, then I’ll be sure to organize lots of buckets with necessary materials for students to access. I go crazy with labeling too.   My goal is to make sure kids know where everything is and feel empowered to get what they need when they need it. Labeling helps with this because otherwise even I forget where I’ve put something or where something goes.   Finally, I make sure that my teaching station (I don’t really have a desk) has all the essentials it needs; turn in bins, whiteboards, markers, grading pens, and again, lots of labels. Learning targets and student high quality work are something I always make sure I create an intentional space for. love to start the year with the walls as bare as possible, to really push myself to get student work up, and anchor charts. This is definitely a preference and not necessary, but it does take a lot of the stress out of creating intense bulletin board designs. I just make sure my bulletin boards have a border and background and I am good to go! Happy classroom set-up. Mikaela Prego is an elementary educator from Massachusetts. She spent the last 3 years teaching 4th grade in Colorado, now she is back teaching in Massachusetts. Her favorite subjects to teach are math, science and social studies and she is a huge fan of putting the students in charge of as much of their learning as possible. You can follow her classroom @whoareweintheworld on Instagram.    

Greek Tragedy and Modern Drama - 1107 Words

Greek Tragedy Modern Drama Tragedy as a form works differently than modern drama when compared to the ancient Greeks. When it comes to modern drama, the main character is usually an ordinary person, someone who is middle class. Where as with Greek tragedy, the main character is someone important and noble, such as a king or queen. Modern drama revolves around everyday problems such as social, economical, or personal conflicts. Greek Tragedies seem to be very linear. It’s mostly about the hero making a bad decision from the beginning of the play, which leads to his or her downfall in the end. Although, they were of higher ranking, ancient Greek’s beliefs made the main character powerless to avoid their fate, which was controlled by the gods. As far as conventions go, Greek Tragedies are very unified. The tragedy of the royal protagonist will go through only one time span, a day or less, one setting, and one story. In a modern tragedy, however, the ordinary protagonist’s story goes throug h multiple realistic settings and a realistic time line. Also, the story would contain multiple plots, which may contain flashbacks. Taking a look at the elements of a Greek tragedy, a play called Oedipus the King is a good example. The story starts off with the city of Thebes being under a plague due to the murder of its former king, Laius. Creon was sent by Oedipus to find a solution from the oracle, which was to find the murderer who is within the city to get rid of theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Ancient Greek Theater And Tragedy1703 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Greek Theater and Tragedy Ancient Greek culture has influenced our modern culture in many ways from philosophy to medicine to government. We still use many of their concepts, technology, and even alphabet system. Without ancient Greece, our modern world would not have advanced as far. 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An Interview With Ms. Jamila Corria On Her Duties As An...

I conducted an interview with Ms. Jamila Corria on her duties as an academic achievement program advisor at the University of Maryland. The purpose of this interview was to gain clarity and understanding in what truly goes in to counseling others on making life choices. While also analyzing communication challenges she has faced overall through her current career and techniques to deal with those challenges. While conducting the interview I monitored various different verbal and non-verbal signals throughout the interview. The reason I choose Ms. Jamila is because as a student who is currently pursuing a degree in Sociology it is important to learn about the different career paths that can be chosen with this major. Sociology is a broad subject and can be pursued through many different paths. I have yet to decide on exactly which path to choose so by conducting this interview it allows me to see one option. Counseling is a career I have often thought of pursing but have not quite de cided on. To have a productive interview and be the perfect interviewer you must have certain qualities and understand the roles you must play. The role as an interviewer is simple; have an agenda, know your purpose, Have a limit on how much you actually speak and practice key listening skills. As an interviewer you may also want to watch some of the nonverbal keys the interviewee may be giving you so you can gain a full grasp on how the interviewee may truly feel on a subject. In the video by

Midsouth Chamber of Commerce Free Essays

Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (MSCC), a non-profit member supported organization that lobbies state government for local businesses, needed to update its IBM AS/400 based UNITRAK system to a more advanced structure to meet the growing demands of employees and members. Dick Gramen, a former computer trainer for an insurance broker, who had no experience with the AS/400 computer or the UNITRAK software, was hired for the job. After struggling to learn the previous hardware, software, data structure and organization operations, he urged MSCC’s executive committee to purchase the IBM RS/6000 computer system (a system he was familiar with) to enhance MSCC’s computing capabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Midsouth Chamber of Commerce or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite Leon Lassiter’s (vice president of marketing) admonition, the executive committee unhesitatingly granted Gramen’s request. Shortly thereafter, Gramen accepted a contract with the inapt and inexperienced vendor, Data Management Associates (DMA) to develop the software and convert the UNITRAK database into the new system. Gramen did not review the contract in great detail and sent it to MSCC president, Jack Wallingford for approval. Even worse, Wallingford, without having any outside specialist or corporate counsel to review the document, blindly signed the contract. The contract later revealed no explicit or quantifiable performance standards for the services to be provided, and that DMA only offered a certain number of free development hours for the creation of the software. Moreover, DMA had the right to increase the price of services and products provided at its discretion, while limiting its financial and performance liabilities. Not surprisingly, DMA encountered a myriad of problems from the moment of implementation. And as difficulties with the software conversion mounted, DMA quickly used up the development hours, and started billing the MSCC for the work beyond the free hours guaranteed. Consequently, the relationship between DMA and the MSCC declined. The software installation was subsequently stopped within a few months due to erroneous billing issues and the lack of progress. Additionally, the MSCC could not receive reimbursement from DMA to buy another system or hire another vendor to formulate the required software since it had already made full payment (which implied acceptance of the software system). Before long, it became apparent that Gramen did not possess the necessary expertise to maintain and support the hardware platform or solve problems regarding software implementation. In my opinion, MSCC could have avoided this predicament if upper management had initially chosen a qualified individual to manage its Information Systems. Gramen failed to carefully assess the existing data resource and rushed to install a new system. He also overlooked the organization’s operations, and disregarded meaningful feedback from Lassiter, one of MSCC’s senior business leaders. Needless to say, the agreement with DMA ought to have been reviewed by someone who specializes in computer software contracts prior to signing. When Lassiter officially took over as President, he hired Sage Niele as financial officer and vice president of operations. This was a prudent maneuver by Lassiter given that he could no longer afford to leave Gramen in-charge of MSCC’s information systems. Niele earned her MBA from Wharton School of Business, and had formerly performed systems management tasks for a large pharmaceutical company in the Midsouth area. She also managed her own information systems and financial consulting business. Niele began gathering information from the MSCC staff on the deficiencies of the computer system as well as the needs of the organization. At the same time, she sought support from the executive committee and key board members to determine the vision of the MSCC for the operational future. This bottom-up and top-down approach was effective, and it flattened her learning curve about the MSCC and its current information systems. She also identified several RS/6000 compatible software packages that were worthy of further investigation, and sent only ‘billable’ payments to DMA. I believe Niele is off to a pretty good start. By analyzing the present information system and understanding the organization’s needs, she will eventually be able to develop a well-organized strategic plan that will put an end to MSCC’s long history of poor operational decisions. In conclusion, Niele must consult other vendors for the development of the needed software seeing as the DMA software module will most likely never become operational. On the other hand, if this option is not viable and proves to be more costly in the long run, she must recommend the acquisition of a suitable up-to-date computer system, and ‘reengineer’ MSCC’s entire information system in order to improve efficiency. References: 1. Brown, C. V. , DeHayes, D. W. , Hoffer, J. A. , Martin E. W. , Perkins, W. C. (2009). Managing Information Technology (6th ed. ). (pp. 192-200). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Brown, J. (2002). Midsouth Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved from http://docs. google. com/viewer? a=vq=cache:JUu8KurO1bcJ:www. obscure. org/~perky/uofr/fall2002/ISYS203U/MidSouth. pdf+midsouth+chamber+of+commercehl=engl=bhsig=AHIEtbQeM3WcQZul-rFxO4h0x5-OQb7qtQ How to cite Midsouth Chamber of Commerce, Papers

Cultural Safety In Nursing And Healthcare - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Safety In Nursing And Healthcare. Answer: Introduction In this chapter of the report, scholarly articles of various authors are reviewed in order to get the idea of cultural safety in nursing and healthcare. In literature review section, current knowledge of cultural safety in healthcare including substantive findings is delineated. Saudi Arabia has been becoming ethnically diverse and the people are witnessing cultural blending in Saudi Arabia as employees come from various backgrounds and countries in Saudi Arabia. In this chapter of the study, concepts of cultural safety in nursing and principles of nursing practices are discussed from theoretical perspective. Theories related to the cultural safety in nursing and healthcare are explained. At the end of the argumentative discussion, gap in literature is given identifying literature gap in the study. Discussion in this section is given from secondary sources from various original and new experimental works. Research strategy In this literature review section, secondary data have been used in order to present the theoretical understanding of the concept. The researcher has searched over internet and university library in order to get the related journals, articles and books of the topic. The search terms of this research topic those the researcher used were cultural safety, service quality, patient safety and nursing principles. The researcher mainly used the database like Google Scholar in order to search the articles and journals to get the idea. In addition, the researcher also used the databases like CINAHL Plus, ERIC, MEDLINE and Nursing References Centre in order to access the premium online journals. The parameters mainly used in searching the data were credible sources and most of the journals were taken from reputed publishing houses. Data have been collected from books, journals, websites, online articles and knowledge forum of Nursing. Specific Arab based data have not been collected due to ina dequate data on nursing. The researcher has used 6 books and 24 journal articles in order to access them. The exclusion criterion of the data search was that the researcher used the journals and books which have been published only after 2013. Therefore, the sources that have been used in this study are not older than 5 years. Therefore, the researcher has used credible and recent sources of information. Review of the concepts of quality and cultural Safety in nursing As opined by Wepa (2015), cultural safety is effective nursing practice of an individual or family from another culture which is determined by that individual or family. The concept of cultural safety has come from nursing education and nursing culture ranges from age or generation to sexual orientation and gender. The concept of nursing education and principles are associated with religious beliefs, occupation and disabilities. As argued by McCall and Lauridsen (2014), unsafe cultural practice can be defined through the actions that demean identification of the culture. In this relation, cultural principles are related to aim to develop the status, improve the service of health, differences among various people and understand the unique power of nursing and health services. Cultural safety concept devised from the leadership of nursing in the year 1989 and this concept first came in New Zealand by Maori nursing students. In the previous time, nursing schools were mono-cultural in Ne w Zealand and Australia. Furthermore, in Australia, cultural safety concept in nursing was developed in social work and in education. In workplace, cultural safety is met when nurses do the actions related to respect, recognise, nurture and cultural identification of various people. Safety of the people has to meet with the needs, rights and expectations of the service users in healthcare. As further added by Richardson et al. (2017), cultures in health are included spiritual beliefs, ethnic group, migrant experiences and socio-economic condition of the people. The nurses and midwife deliver the health services and these services can reflect upon their cultural identity, it can recognise the impact of personal culture on professional service and practices. Unsafe cultural practice in healthcare is related to actions of disempowering and diminishing the cultural identity and safety of the individuals. The following themes emerged as a result of in-depth study on the subject matter and analysis of various authentic and scholarly resources like peer reviewed research papers, journals, articles and scientific studies. Important aspects of the subject have been recognised in the above method and distinctive themes emerged in the process. Some themes have sections and sub sections which have been clarified lucidly in the following paragraphs. Theme 1- Principles of cultural safety in nursing for patients Principle one: to improve well-being and health status of the individuals Cultural safety in nursing applies in making the relationship through focusing on health of the individuals to gain positive outcome and well-being. Nurses need to acknowledge the practices and beliefs that differ from them. The beliefs of the service users may differ in terms of generation, occupation and ethnic origin, however; healthcare professionals need to serve them to improve health status of the individuals (Wepa 2015). In case of Saudi Arabia, culture is conservative and deeply religious and the nurses behave maintaining the prohibition in the society (Muller et al. 2015). Principle two: to develop the delivery of nursing and health services The delivery of health services can be made culturally safe when nurses can make a healthy relationship with service users. The nurses accept the personal analysis of power relations and they try to empower the service users. Nurses feel free to express their measurement of risks of service users and focus on serious and intrusive intervention. Healthcare providers need to understand the own cultural identity and reality. Nurses apply the concept of social science to underpin health services (Hall et al. 2014). Nurses provide service with diverse needs and the services must be safe. Principle three: make differences among the individuals who are getting treatment and accept the differences Culturally safe in healthcare is a broad concept to recognise the dissimilarities within healthcare centres, employment, education and social interactions that can solidify the microcosm of differences. The nurses need to understand cause and effect relationship with the service users and their views on politics, social, housing, employment status, psychological conditions and personal experiences (McCall and Lauridsen 2014). Nurses principle supports the idea of accepting the legitimacy of diversity and differences in social structure. Healthcare professionals need to concern in improving the quality of service to service providers. Principle four: to understand the power of healthcare on persons and their families Cultural safety has its focus on health care providers own culture, attitude and life experiences. Healthcare providers need to focus on their own practices to make a balance of power relationship so that each of the service users may receive effective service (Alonso et al. 2015). Nurses need to prepare themselves in order to resolve the tension between health care centres and culture of the nurses. Theme 2- Models of patients safety and quality care in nursing and methods of nursing care Donabedian model This is a conceptual model to provide a framework to investigate about health services and examine the quality of healthcare services. This concept of nursing and healthcare was established by Avedis Donabedian and he developed this model in the year 1966. According to Qu et al. (2014), Donabedian model speaks about the quality of care and it can be categorised into three categories, process, structure and outcomes. The structure explains about the context through which care is delivered and it is related to the staff, hospital building, equipment and finance. These factors in healthcare control of patients, providers in the healthcare system. These factors also measure the quality of healthcare. Process refers to the transaction between providers and transaction throughout the delivery of healthcare process. The process can be meant the sum of each action in health care and these factors are related to the preventive care, patient education, diagnoses and treatment facility. Process in healthcare can be further differentiated to deliver the better care to the service users in order to increase interpersonal bonding (Qu et al. 2014). Lastly, outcomes in this model describe about the impact of healthcare in the health status of the individuals. Outcomes generally are the effects of healthcare on changes of a health condition, population and behaviour of the staffs. Outcomes indicate the improving condition of the health status of the service providers. Methods of nursing care Nursing care concept needs to be carried through a variety of organisational method. Team nursing concept was originated in the between the 1950s and 1960s. Team nursing concept involves using a team leader and other team members in order to provide various approaches to nursing care for a group of patients. Team nursing concept is facilitated through the division of work where a medication to the patients can be given by one nurse, while other nurses will provide physical help to the patients (Kelly et al. 2016). In healthcare, team nursing concept will provide help to mix the skills including qualified nurses and experienced nurses. The quality of patient care in this nursing system is questionable as the care is fragmented into the team. The primary nursing concept is associated with individualised, comprehensive and in this method; one nurse provides care throughout the period of care for an individual. As opined by Pauly et al. (2015), primary nursing practice emphasises mainly on continuity of care and one nurse completes the whole care for a patient. Therefore, the cultural awareness of the nurse needs to be well-developed as the nurse need to remain with the patient for all time. The nursing service in this method categorised in a way to meet the patients individualised care. Primary nurse communicates with the family members regarding service users health. In Progressive Patient Care (PPC) system of the method, service users are placed in the units based on their needs and medical speciality is given through degree of illness. According to Cherry and Jacob (2016), PPC is a systematic grouping of patients on the basis of the degree of illness rather than by classification. Elements of PPC are related to the intensive care units, self-care units and intermediate care units. In this nursing system, the nurses need to know about the culture of the patients and hospital facilities need to be strong. Theme 3- Activities that promote safety in nursing The user-centred approach can increase the visibility, constraint and affordance of functions in a healthcare home. Visibility can be increased by following all the factors and norms in the healthcare. As stated by Wager et al. (2017), affordance is related to the activity of the nurses. In addition, nurses need to avoid the reliance on memory in workplace functions. Nurses can simplify the process and standardise the workplace process. Nurses need to decrease the process to use the memory in problem-solving process in the workplace (Banks and Kelly 2015). Establishing the norm to follow the code of ethics in nursing will eventually help to simplify the process of working. Moreover, nurses attend the work-safety training and they have ideas about work-loads, work-hours, distraction and interruption in safety. Interruption process can lead to medication administration error in order to indicate the safe zones in healthcare home. Nurses need to prepare knowledge on patient safety and they should avoid reliance on vigilance. Doctors keep the vigilance on patients' safety with checklists, well-designed alarms, adequate breaks and rotating staffs. In the health care homes, management uses alarms in order to alert the nurses in potential emergency and nurses can get benefits in scheduling in the overall process. Nurses are given training for the team collaboration and this training is given on interpersonal communication (Holland 2017). This type of training increases effective communication among the nurse. It allows the service users to have better service from various ethnic group nurses. This training also provides knowledge about cultural safety and it essentially provides information about involving patients in their own care. Nurses have to take the decisions from the family members of the patients and nurses offer educational information of the diseases of the patients to their family. Theme 4- Roles of nurses in promoting cultural safety According to Ramsden (2013), nurses need to understand about service users' culture and various cultural identities can lead to effective health care strategies. The management of healthcare needs to create a non-biased culturally safe place that can demean the healthcare safety of the service users. In a healthcare setting, poor cultural safety is related to the poor patient concordance, mistrust and miscommunication (Chartier 2014). Nurses spend more time with service users and there is a thin line between suboptimal outcome and patient experience. There is no difference between patient safety and clinical quality. The nurses provide care to the patients in a safe and effective way that do not differentiate through culture and religion. Key drivers of loyalty towards work is the team working, listen to the issues and cleanliness in hospitals. If the healthcare professionals work as a team, the service users feel safe (Papps and Ramsden 2016). On the other side, cultural safety heal thcare organisations need sustained leadership that can facilitate the nurses' commitment towards the workplace. Leaders in healthcare should demonstrate accessibility and visibility of patient safety. Leaders must be observant and leaders can ask open-minded questions to create transparency and openness. There is a need to create a purposeful connection between patient safety and relationship of patient-nurse (Ding 2014). In addition, some of the critics opined that safety in healthcare is related to the safety of both patients and healthcare professionals. Patients and nurses need to interact frequently and their behaviours can show a bond. A cultural shift in nursing is one such crucial thing identifies the importance of mutual respect between nurses and service users and they must be inclusive, holistic, culturally sensitive and non-judgemental in order to show their affection towards each other (Holland 2017). Nurses must have not any preconceived notion regarding service-users religion, faith and creed and orthodox thinking frame eventually leads the situation to worsen. Nurses with this kind of thinking capability have a number of cultural difficulties and it provides a graphic illustration to identify discriminatory behaviour. Theme 5- Safety culture and organisational change management in healthcare Safety in healthcare is a process related attribute and safety are different from quality in healthcare. Safety is not perceived as a process of aggregated value. Safety in the healthcare is manifested as a non-event and the management tries to stop unwanted events. Safety improvement requires preventive management approach and proactive management approach to act before the fact occurs. As opined by Polaschek (2015), safety is a shared value within the healthcare organisation. In addition, culture is another unspoken language in order to respond to secret complex code within a healthcare. Values are surrounded by symbols, rituals and practices within healthcare homes. Symbols are associated with visible that are associated with the external observer. Rituals are related to the cultural meaning and they are being understood only by those who belong to the culture. Values in a healthcare are unconscious and not directly perceived from outside and it can only be deduced to the way peop le act in certain circumstances. Organisational culture is associated with shared values and common beliefs; these interact with the structure of healthcare and control system in order to produce behavioural norms. Organisational culture is dynamical, continuously, socially constructed by the people who constitute a healthcare centre. According to Williams (2016), organisational culture is characteristic that is manifested by the individuals behaviours and attitudes. Holistic management approach in a healthcare home is related to human factors, technical factors and organisational factors. Human factors are associated with knowledge, skills, motivation, attitude and behaviour. In addition, technical factors are associated with ITC systems, equipment, components, quality assurance and maintenance. Organisational factors are associated with infrastructure, strategy, resources, processes and procedures. Safety culture enhancement can imply organisational change and safety culture is a mixed method to create an intangib le complex social concept (Memish 2014). Safety culture is a tangible factor to remove the hazardous issue. External and internal drivers can impact on organisational performance improvement. Organisational performance is related to the management, economics, quality, safety, health, environment and social responsibility. The change in a health care can be brought from present state to the desired state through managing the change process and through strategic vision (Pauly et al. 2015). There are several other factors that are associated with leadership, decisions and attitudes, management system, type of intervention and organisational culture. Theme 6- Challenges in cultural safety in healthcare Nurses in health care homes face the challenge in terminology confusion and they do not have a basic concept how culture relates to a cultural safety issue. Terminology issue is vital in a healthcare home as nurses need to communicate with the service providers with accurate terms. In addition, nurses can face lack of support from the management and educators to improve the knowledge base, pedagogical approach and teaching skills. As stated by Arieli et al. (2014), the word culture' is unclear to the learners of nurses and they thought that the culture is limited to the race and ethnicity. Culture safety concept is beyond the understanding and ethnic-specific knowledge is related to the position of power, cultural customs and nurses can apply the knowledge in the workplace also. Carayon et al. (2014) supported this idea by saying sometimes leaders in a healthcare do not support the nurses by cultural safety education. Each of the leaders and educators has their own set of interpretation in culture safety framework. Lack of support and lack of education of nurses for cultural knowledge can lead to cultural inequalities. Leaders and educators feel unprepared when they teach about sensitive topics to the nurses like racism, marginalisation. Cultural safety has two distinct perspectives, paradigm shift and continuum. Continuum is about cultural safety as the outcome of being culturally competent. On the other side, a paradigm shift is about transferring the power in the nurse-patient relationship. Transferring the power can foster the self-determination and it supports the patient participation (Williams 2016). Theme 7- Measuring service quality in healthcare People can get satisfied with physiological contentment; however, there is more demand for satisfaction. In recent time, in the healthcare sector, dramatic changes have come into technological, economical, liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation policies and electronic data interchange facilities and they motivate the healthcare sector to improve the service quality (Graban 2016). Service quality needs increase for changing the lifestyle of the people. Lifestyle of the people is associated with an increase in affluence, leisure time and women in working places. In addition, changing world has brought the greater demand for lawn care, travel agencies, entertainment, daycare centre and home help (Weller et al. 2014). Changing economies in daily life has brought changes in factors like globalisation and deregulation. Changing technology in healthcare has brought the demand for service quality as new technologies increase the demand for service. Highly satisfied service users bec ome loyal towards the healthcare centre. The satisfaction-loyalty relationship is divided into three major categories, affection, indifference and defection (Pronovost et al. 2015). Defection is related to low satisfaction, indifference is associated with intermediate satisfaction level and affection is related to highly satisfied level. Dekker (2016) opined that consumers evaluate the quality of service as the result of gap between perceived quality and expected quality. Therefore service quality is perception minus expectation. Service Quality Model emphasises on determinants of service quality like access, communication, courtesy, credibility, reliability, tangibles, understanding of the customers and security. The authors devised an instrument named SERVQUAL and it is questionnaire to measure the service quality of the healthcare. Knowledge gap is about difference between nurses belief about customer expectation and actual needs of the service users. In addition, standards gap is the gap between quality standards and perception of customer expectation. Delivery gap is about difference between actual performance and specified delivery standard (Kansra and Jha 2016). Service gap is about difference between customer expectation and the perception of the customers. SERVQUAL is specified overall gap between what is de livered and what is expected. Service quality concept is relative and it is not absolute. Moreover, quality can be determined through customers; perception, not by the healthcare professionals. Service quality can be gained through exceeding expectations of the service users. Theme 8- Increasing healthcare management efficiency Healthcare management are concerned about losses and profit; however, they have to be concerned about management efficiency. Culture Care Theory provides a framework for giving services to the diverse population and it gives an approach to promote culturally congruent nursing to different people who have similarities and differences in well-being, health and illness (Zineldin et al. 2014). Healthcare management efficiency can be increased if the nurses get training about safety of the service users and cultural factors of the service users. Enterprise Resource Planning can be used in healthcare in order to increase the healthcare system. Implementation of ERP system can smooths the work process in healthcare stopping the impediments. ERP can heal the project if it costs more than budget and if it takes longer to implement the project. The efficiency of process in healthcare incorporates about operational practices and planning that can reduce the negative impact on clinical services. Efficient people is needed to enhance the quality of service as the challenge to deliver better service lies in efficient nurses who can adopt innovative way to communicate, providing services and technologies (McFadden et al. 2015). In addition, collaboration is needed in workplace with better infrastructure that can improve the potential problems and it can engage stakeholders in healthcare process. Technologies in healthcare will eventually improve the success factors. The challenge lies to balance the complexity of implementation and cost. Application of technologies will eventually help the transform the information and it will also increase the service quality. Moreover, it is needed to implement the solution effectively with right outcome. Implementation of system needs to support the key consideration of the business with obje ctives, people-centric process and ROI (Winters et al. 2016). Implications for the Project The cultural safety concept and framework have many positive implications for nurses in Arab country and many nurses are there in Arab communities to provide health services. Nurses have to treat the patients have different views, religions and differently aware culturally. Making culturally safe healthcare may promote the retention of the nurses more and safety and quality of the service users can be ensured through this. Nurses face the issue to adjust institutional climate, emotionally and socially alienation when promote the cultural safety. Cultural safety helps to improve the patient safety culture and service quality of the hospitals eventually increases. Improvement of hospital performances is needed in order to ensure better performances of the nurses. Nurses will understand the cultural safety at workplace and it can promote the standard of services to the patients. Cultural safety is a guide to the nurses to work in multicultural environment, however, the encounter of the patient and nurse is bicultural encounter (Margaret et al. 2015). The cultural safety framework has its potentiality in order to create attention to legitimacy of differences to raise aware of patient safety. conclusion In this section of the study, cultural safety and quality in healthcare has been specified with identification of issues. The discussion has been done using secondary sources and culture of nurses has not been overemphasised, service users quality care has also been discussed. In Arab, culture safety is important aspect as there most of the nurses are believers of Islamic faith. Simplified application of cultural safety can promote reductionist viewpoint to find the issues in ethnic groups. In Arab, cultural safety needs to make an impact to take grass root initiative in order to understand the complex pedagogy. Theoretical perspective has to be used in practical spheres and cultural safety framework can be included in government planning and public policy. Reference Alonso, J.M., Clifton, J. and Daz-Fuentes, D., 2015. The impact of New Public Management on efficiency: An analysis of Madrid's hospitals.Health Policy,119(3), pp.333-340. Arieli, D., Friedman, V.J. and Hirschfeld, M.J., 2014. Challenges on the path to cultural safety in nursing education.International Nursing Review,59(2), pp.187-193. Banks, L. and Kelly, M., 2015. Cultural safety and the Nursing Council of New Zealand.Cultural Safety in Aotearoa New Zealand, p.26. Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T.B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A.J., Hundt, A.S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R. and Gurses, A.P., 2014. Human factors systems approach healthcare quality and patient safety. Applied Ergonomics,45(1), pp.14-25. 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Measuring service quality in Indian hospitals: an analysis of SERVQUAL model.International Journal of Services and Operations Management,24(1), pp.1-17. Kelly, J., Wilden, C., Chamney, M., Martin, G., Herman, K. and Russell, C., 2016. Improving cultural and clinical competency and safety of renal nurse education.Renal Society of Australasia Journal,12(3), p.106. Margaret, A., Edwards, J.R., Allen-Bridson, K., Gross, C., Malpiedi, P.J., Peterson, K.D., Pollock, D.A., Weiner, L.M. and Sievert, D.M., 2015. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report, data summary for 2013, device-associated module.American journal of infection control,43(3), p.206. McCall, J. and Lauridsen-Hoegh, P., 2014. Trauma and cultural safety: providing quality care to HIV-infected women of Aboriginal descent.Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care,25(1), pp.70-78. McFadden, K.L., Stock, G.N. and Gowen III, C.R., 2015. 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What Are the Advantages Or Disadvantages of Being Born First free essay sample

The first-born is an only child until the second child comes along -transforming them from being the centre of attention, to then sharing the care of parents. Parents will also expect them to be responsible and set an example. The change from being the focus of a family may be quite a shock and so shape the first-borns subsequent outlook on life. Therefore first-borns may try to get back their parents attention and approval, by achieving success and recognition in their careers. It has been noted that first-borns are significantly more often found as world political leaders than any other birth order position. Being the youngest in the family can sometimes be a stifling and frustrating experience, especially if theyre looking to be taken seriously and treated like an adult. The last-born is more likely than the other birth order positions to take up dangerous sports. This may be a sign of the last-borns rebellious streak a result of being fed up with always being bossed about by everyone in the family. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Advantages Or Disadvantages of Being Born First? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Middle children, however, have different issues. Middle c syndrome can mean fee sandwiched between two other more important people – an older sibling who gets all the rights and is treated like an adult and a younger sibling who gets all the privileges and is treated like a spoilt children. Middle-borns have to learn to on with older and younger children and this may contribute to them becoming good negotiators – of all the birth order positions they most skilful at dealing with authority figures and those holding inferior positions. What about only children they are more likely to show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or outdoor activities. Only children will tend to get more time and attention from their parents than children with /siblings, this will often make them feel special but the downside is that they may suffer occasional pangs^ jealousy and loneliness when friends discuss their brothers and sisters and family life. I think to be a only child is not rather good, because these people are always selfish persons. 3. Mobile madness, do you think mobile phones are generally a good or a bad thing? How important do you think mobile phones are for young people in your country? How do you think mobile phones will change over the next 5 years? Mobile madness is an illness of our century, I think. In my opinion mobile phones as a mean of connection is a very good thing. But this medal has another side†¦ Many children feel themselves really isolated from their friends without mobile phone. They constantly connecting and chatting with each other by internet on the phone with help of such programs as ICQ. In our country mobile phone occupy the important place at the lives of modern people, and at the life of modern children too. Many sociologists say that if this trend continues two things are likely to happen. One is mobile phone addiction, where a person is incapable of forming and maintaining relationships without the help of mobiles. The second: Genuine conversation will be driven out by superficial communication, in which the act of contacting one another is all that matters, leading to a deterioration in the quality of relationships, indeed, the very fabric of society may be threatened. And of course mobile phones w ill change over the next five years, I can suppose that it will be something unusual, and may be something that absolutely won’t be look like our modern mobile phones.

Free Essays on Purpose Of Man

â€Å"It’s 1997, I’m sitting in my room asking myself the question that will change my life. What is my purpose in life? At that time I was pretty sure that I was suppose to be a professional baseball player. But God had some different plans. That next morning I woke up to go to church camp. I was just recently saved and baptized so this Christian thing was a fairly new concept for me. I pretty much thought that that was all I had to do for the rest of my life and I could just go on living the way that I did. Well that week God changed my life. He showed me that I need to be a servant for him, I needed to obey him and trust that he will deliver me. So that He might be pleased and glorified.† In this essay will discuss what the purpose of man is. Man is to live for God in Holy Devotion and Service that God might be pleased and glorified. God tells us that Man must have a personal relationship with Him and have the right understanding about Him. Take Paul for example, Paul had one of the best relationships with God in the Bible. He was persecuted, beaten and hated against. Just because He knew and talked about God. In order to please God, Man must have faith. But what is faith? Faith is knowing that Jesus is always there and He will provide when in troubled times. Again take Paul, he was imprisoned and God gave the ability to over come that troubling time in his life. And he got blessed because of it. God is also delighted in those who know and understand His person and works. First off Man should not boast at his own works to delight God. A reason for this is Man can not get to heaven by his own works. Man can only get to heaven Jesus Christ who died on the cross for our sins that man might not parish but have every lasting life. But if man chooses to boast let it be on knowing the Lord. God also req uires us to do justly, fear God, and walk in all His ways. In Deuteronomy 6:10-25 tells us that Man should ha... Free Essays on Purpose Of Man Free Essays on Purpose Of Man â€Å"It’s 1997, I’m sitting in my room asking myself the question that will change my life. What is my purpose in life? At that time I was pretty sure that I was suppose to be a professional baseball player. But God had some different plans. That next morning I woke up to go to church camp. I was just recently saved and baptized so this Christian thing was a fairly new concept for me. I pretty much thought that that was all I had to do for the rest of my life and I could just go on living the way that I did. Well that week God changed my life. He showed me that I need to be a servant for him, I needed to obey him and trust that he will deliver me. So that He might be pleased and glorified.† In this essay will discuss what the purpose of man is. Man is to live for God in Holy Devotion and Service that God might be pleased and glorified. God tells us that Man must have a personal relationship with Him and have the right understanding about Him. Take Paul for example, Paul had one of the best relationships with God in the Bible. He was persecuted, beaten and hated against. Just because He knew and talked about God. In order to please God, Man must have faith. But what is faith? Faith is knowing that Jesus is always there and He will provide when in troubled times. Again take Paul, he was imprisoned and God gave the ability to over come that troubling time in his life. And he got blessed because of it. God is also delighted in those who know and understand His person and works. First off Man should not boast at his own works to delight God. A reason for this is Man can not get to heaven by his own works. Man can only get to heaven Jesus Christ who died on the cross for our sins that man might not parish but have every lasting life. But if man chooses to boast let it be on knowing the Lord. God also req uires us to do justly, fear God, and walk in all His ways. In Deuteronomy 6:10-25 tells us that Man should ha...

Is woman better cost saver Study on board gender diversity and cost of Research Proposal

Is woman better cost saver Study on board gender diversity and cost of capital in Hong Kong - Research Proposal Example In addition, many organisations witnessed better degree of management and governance with involvement of women workforce in boards and management teams (Farrell and Hersch 85-106; Standard Chartered Bank 1-60). In a number of countries, specifically, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States, gender diversity in a company’s board is being given a lot of importance due to its positive impact on the company’s performance (Terjesen and Singh 55-63). The legal and regulatory organisations have become a constant source of encouragement for board diversity. In Europe, jurisdictions have enacted laws that favours gender diversity in company’s board. Similar trend has been noticed in other countries, namely, Australia, Canada, Norway, Singapore and the United States (Grosvold, Brammer and Rayton 344-357; Terjesen and Singh 55-63). In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission made it official in 2009 for listed firms to disclose about their board formation, involvement of gender diversity in its boards and its impact (UK Government; Weir and Laing 86-95). In 2012, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange pointed greater emphasis on gender diversity as an important component of corporate governance framework. In Hong Kong, board diversity is considered important by internal as well as external shareholders in various listed companies due to certain reasons: Notwithstanding that gender diversity on board has gained importance in many countries nowadays, it has been understood so far that all existing literatures have mainly focused on gender diversity in companies located in western countries, while very little research has been done on Asian countries, such as, China, especially in Hong Kong. The aim of the research proposal is to evaluate the degree of gender diversity in the boards of Hong Kong’s listed companies and their impact on

Historic Richmondtown in Staten Island NY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Historic Richmondtown in Staten Island NY - Essay Example One major concern for the site is ultimately preserving the historic character of the town. Without question modern influences encroach on the landscape but maintaining infrastructure that is true to the character of the region does represent a significant logistical concern. According to OGrady (2000) it is the case that one of the signature bridges of the region (The Richmond Creek Bridge) which was built in 1845 has been so degraded over time that it needs serious infrastructure renewal. The main concern with repairing this bridge is that there are significant costs associated with restoring structures to their original form. The department of infrastructure had to award a $295,000 contract to a engineering firm to simply assess the feasibility of restoring the bridge to its original form. From this perspective one could discuss the matter of whether or not a structure that had to be extensively renovated is actually a piece of living history. Without question the physical maintaining of the historic properties is a daunting task insofar as according to Larrivee (2008) the historic buildings represent a wide range of conditions and repair. So it could be argued that owing to the wide spectrum or building states adds not only character but also in helps to improve the historical element of the historic site. Because visitors can witness properties and building sites in complete original form, mid-repair and, post reparation means that visitors can view a better range, rather than a single rebuild site or completely decrepit abandoned site. Schmitt, A (2009) Historic Richmond Town: The American Experience from the 17th Century Until Today. Historic Richmond Town website. [online] Available at http://www.historicrichmondtown.org/ Accessed on September 15th

Investigating Islamophobia in the Daily Mail

Investigating Islamophobia in the Daily Mail Islamophobia is defined in the dictionary as being: hatred or fear of Muslims or of their politics or culture. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th and the London 7/7 bombings amongst others, some say islamophobia within the media has increased significantly. This work intends to discuss the coverage of Muslims and the religion of Islam as a whole within the middle market newspaper The Daily Mail and explore whether publications such as the Mail are representing the Muslim race in a negative light. Ones interest in the subject matter involved is one that has derived from what is seen, amongst others, as bad journalism; middle market and tabloid newspapers inaccurately reporting issues concerning races such as Muslims. On a daily basis one can pick up a newspaper these days and spot numerous flaws, incorrect language or overall representation of a religion such as Islam. Also, a personal affliction or view in the area is the way in which Muslim communities within the UK are slowly being isolated and are being criticised collectively for the actions of a small population of the religion. When exploring the relationship between the modern West and the East, one should look upon the concept of Orientalism. Saids (1978) work draws on the concept of us and them: Orientalism is never far from what Denys Hay has called the idea of Europe, a collective notion identifying us Europeans as against all those non-Europeans (Said, 1978: 7). This notion refers to the historical manufacturing of Eastern beings as alien, the Other, by the West. It is the negative portrayal of extremist Islamic images within frameworks such as the Mail that progresses, as Halliday (1996)(remember reference for this!, see notebook [2]) suggests, this myth of confrontation that pardons the West of any need to excuse its enmity towards the East and religions such as Islam. Before this paper looks at effects of the theory of islamophobia, it is worth evaluating the polarity of the term itself. Whilst some could say the branding of the term can draw attention to the issue for positive means, further comprehensive literature on the subject and enquiries commissioned (e.g. 1997 Runnymede Trust, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All), there is a flipside. Academics have inferred that this is just another, more refined form of new racism according to many sociologists. Sociologist Professor Gerard Delanty describes the use of the term islamophobia: It is rooted in mainstream hostility to migrant workers and asylum-seekers, and is based to a considerable degree on ethnocentrism and xenophobia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ on ignorance and fear of the other' (Delanty: Conference, see notebook for full reference[1]). Delanty is saying here that the categorisation of the idiom of islamophobia could be creating a new form of acceptable racism. The UK media industry is said by some to be institutionally racist: This racism is rooted in the countrys imperial past, with feelings of racial superiority and crude nationalism now deeply embedded in the dominant culture. (Keeble, 2009: 175) 2 per cent of the NUJ membership was black, Asian and Arab in the first media-industry wide survey in 1995 by Anthony Delano and John Henningham. Comparing this alongside the national ethnic minority population percentage of 5.26 percent at the time, and it does speak volumes. My research will include a plan to address this view and explore how far or to what extent this reflects an islamophobic nature within newspapers such as The Daily Mail. However, to discuss how deep rooted this patriotism, or national feeling of superiority over other races goes would be discursive from the intended discussion of the titles topic. The role of a national newspaper such as the Mail needs to be highlighted to display the contextualising link between islamophobia and the public. The fact that a familiar newspaper offers a sense of identity and possible security to its regular readers is an important contextualising factor when considering questions of race and ideology. (Ferguson, 1998:175) Considering middle market newspapers such as The Daily Mail and Express along with the tabloids represent more than two thirds of the national daily readership figures (1997 survey: do footnote for this), this is a first base argument for explaining the negative (potential) effect of the press on the masses. A matter to take in to consideration is the recent resignation of Daily Star journalist Richard Peppiatt, on the grounds of the papers islamophobic content. Albeit a personal letter to the Daily Stars proprietor Richard Desmond, the letter highlights a wide range of anti-Islamic features in the everyday characteristics of national newspapers such as the Star and Mail and labels the former as anti-Muslim propaganda. The letter does refer to how closely the content of the Star is to the Mails through criticism of how the newspapers editors build a newspaper from cut-and-paste-jobs off the Daily Mail website. Where he admits to stirring up a bit of light-hearted Islamophobia himself on the basis that this was in his professional duties at the Star, his disapproval of this demonization is prevalent throughout. He refers to a story the paper published concerning the condemnation of taxpayer-funded Muslim-only public toilets: I was personally tasked with writing a gloating follow-up declaring our postmodern victory in blocking the non-existent Islamic cisterns of evil (Peppiatt, 2011). This could just be seen as one individuals personal attack on a proprietor and therefore not have much worth but it does relate to, and support the theory of institutional racism within the British media. For the proposed intentions of this paper, it is worth noting the presence of Muslims within Britain. In the 2001 UK Census the population of Muslims from all ethnic groups within Britain was just short of 1.6 million (insert reference to table of figures in appendices here). The age old argument from many anti-immigration supporters is that the Muslims within Britain do not attempt to immerse themselves within British culture or our way of life, owing to increased tensions between the two cultures. Figures show that nearly half (46.4%) of all British Muslims now living in England were born in the country. It could be said that those Muslims who came to the country as adults (first generation) are grateful for the chance to live in a more open society and therefore more willing to integrate themselves within our culture. The sooner Western societies such as Britain aid this process of integration with the likes of first generation Muslims, the better. As the younger (3rd and 4th) gen eration of Muslims born in England grows, we could see Muslim communities become increasingly ostracised due to young Muslims anger towards the role of the West in Muslim lands and issues such as islamophobia within the media becoming more customary. It is also worth presenting the PCC editorial guidelines with regards to discrimination: The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to an individuals race, colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability. The second part of the guideline refers to the details of those minority groups and how one should avoid inclusion (of those details) unless necessary to the story. The way in which newspapers such as the Daily Mail steer their content around these guidelines, in order to include xenophobic views will be explored later in the literature review. As this paper explores the surrounding themes of discrimination and false representation within the media and directs them towards the influence of a certain publication, it is important to draw from relevant history of the Daily Mail. Some would say the newspapers prejudice against religions such as Islam is a product of its deep-set DNA shown via the papers sympathetic views of Nazi Germany during the war period. The first joint proprietor and owner Lord Rothermere was known to be a friend and supporter of both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler and praised the Nazi regimes accomplishments, which directed the Mails political stance and was consequently used as propaganda by them. Lord Rothermere published quotes such as: the minor misdeeds of individual Nazis would be submerged by the immense benefits the new regimes already bestowing on Germany (Rothermere, 1933), as well as printing headlines such as Hurrah for the Blackshirts (Mail, Jan 1934). The Mail was also sympathetic to Osw ald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. The support for this group was withdrawn after violence at a BUF rally in Kensington Olympia in 1934, which displays the potential harmful influence of newspapers on the masses. Muslims within Britain have struggled with issues of integration and racism ever since there was an increased focus of attention from the media on the Iranian Revolution of 1979 (Asad 1990, see references in muslim britain book). Television screens across the world showed three million people celebrating on the streets of Tehran when Ayatollah Khomeini, known for his support of hostage takers and his calling for the death of British citizen Salman Rushdie, came out of exile; a disconcerting image for most Westerners. The Salman Rushdie affair in 1989 demonstrated the degree to which the media and British Muslims who protested against the books (The Satanic Verses) publication became emotionally unhinged (Parekh 1992, see same book + ref) over the issue. The book deeply offended Muslims and ignited debate on blasphemy laws and freedom of speech. Other historical events have all played a part in what Huntingtons (1996) thesis describes as a clash of civilisations, these being: The Gulf War (1990-1), the genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1993-6), the Oklahoma bombing (1995), the Taliban in Afghanistan (1997-2002), Grozny and Kosovo (1999), the recent Palestinian Intifada (since September 2000) and the War on Iraq (2003) (Abbas 2005: 14). These events have and the media , some say (Huntington 1996) widened the gulf between East and West, Islam and Christianity and amplified the theory of Orientalism. (maybe do a little on September 11 attacks here) This paper intends to explore and discuss the different factors owing to the islamophobic content displayed in the Mail and how far it is damaging the representation of Muslim communities within Britain. It would be pointless to explain how islamophobic reporting increased or decreased over the past decade or so as it would be plain to see the increases in islamophobic content around the times of terrorist activities. One will analyse contributing factors such as the origins of islamophobia, the identification of islamophobic content, how closely does that content abide by editorial guidelines and the effect on Muslim communities through critical discussion of the topic and data analysis. The reason as to why one thinks this subject is important and would be of interest to others is the increasing multi-cultured population of Britain. As more ethnic minorities such as Muslims continue to live in Britain, increasing tensions towards people of a particular race can only put more strain on an already weak relationship with Muslim communities. The purpose of the paper is to critically evaluate and characterize publications, specifically The Daily Mail and its role in reinforcing or articulating racism, and in damaging ethnic cultural identities. The ways in which these issues are to be addressed and analysed will be explained through my research and its content analysis. Literature review The aim of this chapter is to identify themes relating to the title topic from previous published literature and critically analyse those premises. The intention here is not just to identify those relating themes, but to analyse, criticise, interpret and evaluate those themes in connection with supporting or opposing the underpinning arguments of this paper. Over the past decade or so there is has been an increase in the amount of writing, due to rising concerns from Muslims worldwide, explaining how discourses such as newspapers in Western media are misrepresenting ethnic minorities such as Muslims through presenting a negative image of Islam. My research will however focus on the Daily Mail in particular, portraying negative stereotypes, and the effects those portrayals have, on Muslim communities within Britain. In summary, this chapter will draw from prior literature and examine the complex structures and strategies of news reports and how they affect the interpretations of reade rs. How much does the role of publications such as the Mail play in the reproduction of racial and ethnic inequality in British society. Some of the earliest writing relating to British newspapers such as the Mail portraying Islam as a threat to Western interests comes from Teun van Dijks: Racism and the Press. The issue of immigration within British newspapers is one that allows anti-Muslim voices to be heard, subjectively criticising the rise in the multiculturalism of Britain: The Mail specifically focuses on alleged abuses of British hospitality, and calls for stricter immigration rules. It does not hesitate to publish, with apparent approval, overtly racist statements by right-wing politicians who claim that without further curbs on immigration Britain may become the worlds dustbin. (Van Dijk, 1991: 96) What Van Dijk is inferring is that through government policies concerning issues such as immigration, any right-wing anti-immigration views from politicians or people within the public eye will be published by the Mail with the noticeable support of the paper. Whilst highlighting the political stance and nationalistic nature of the publication, a defence for the paper would revert to free press every time. The earliest and most relevant research in this topic area has also been carried out by Teun Van Dijk. His work in the collection of empirical data surrounding the press and issues of race is a starting point for anybody analysing institutional islamophobic contents effect on British Muslims. Van Dijk started this foundational research in plain content analysis of British newspapers, analysing content such as the repetition of certain words used in headlines in attempt to rouse certain meanings from them. He describes the repetitive use of certain topics of discourse such as black and race and how they are dealt with by the press as semantic macro structures. These global, overall meaning structures of a text consist of a hierarchically arranged set of macro-propositions, which are derived from the meanings (propositions) of the sentences by way of macro-rules. These rules reduce the complex information of the text to its essential gist. (Van Dijk, 1991: 72) Van Dijk is correct in some ways in saying that the prevalence of such vocabulary would suggest that the discursive agenda of newspapers is entrenched in concerns with race. In his book Representing Race, Robert Ferguson agrees there are some uses of Van Dijks research: It would seem from this as though the media are enganged in an endless process of reproducing already existing prejudices and stereotypes. The extensive content analysis which was undertaken by Van Dijk also demonstrated that ethnic minorities and anti-racists are systematically associated with conflict, crime, intolerance and unreliability.' (Ferguson, 1998: 130) The flaws in Van Dijks research are that using empirical data, or strictly content analysis, to develop an understanding of representation can somewhat distort the power of ideology in newspapers text or framing. However, without being blatantly racist, newspapers such as the Mail through concepts of normality can still give strength to negative representations. (Maybe use this paragraph in methods) The detrimental representations of Muslim asylum seekers to Britain, in publications such as the Mail, are highlighted in Arun Kundnanis The End of Tolerance. Phrases such as we have to look after our own people first, a regular idiom in the Mail, gives strength to the inherent belief within Britain that we cannot satisfactorily provide for ourselves, never mind foreigners or them as well. Thanks to the opportunism of media and politicians, asylum seekers and migrants had been made in to potent symbols for the loss of a nation-state that once belonged to its people and afforded them certain privileges as citizens. (Kundnani, 2007: 65) This argument is stating that through newspapers persistence in covering issues of economy and well being, the Mail amongst others, tend to shift the blame of these national problems on to asylum seekers, from communities such as Muslims, for increasing the population and adding to pre-existing problems such as rises in unemployment. The only critique of this concept adding to the misrepresentation and islamophobic nature of the Mail, is that this problem spans over a huge area and is historically embedded within a nations way of thinking. My research aims to uncover the day to day anti-Islamic features of the Mail and expose the problems of intentional or institutional racism that could potentially be fixed. In some ways, previous literature has explained that events such as 9/11 and other Islam related terrorist activities give acceptance to emerging islamophobic voices or views within the media. Chris Allens chapter in Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure, highlights the enabling of publishing extreme right views on terrorists religions without backlash. In the wake of Baroness Thatchers condemnation of Muslim leaders in the Times, insisting that all Muslims as a homogeneous group should share responsibility for the attacks (4 October 2001). The Telegraph days later published an article entitled This War Is not about Terror, Its about Islam (7 October 2001). This article sought not only to praise Baroness Thatchers stance, but also confirm that Western fears were justified because some three-quarters of the worlds migrants in the last decade are said to have been Muslims (these) escapees, victims, scapegoats, malefactors and sleepers are awaiting their moment. (Allen, 2005: 61) Jonathan Birts chapter in Muslims in Britain also agrees with this post 9/11 islamophobic reaction from the press without simply analysing the textual content of a newspaper: After 9/11, the more prejudicial media comment portrayed British Muslim communities, and especially their young men, as a dangerous and unpatriotic fifth column, which were sympathetic to anti-West resistance and, indeed, the use of violent terror. Mass communications today shape and order these Islamophobic moral panics and the reactive defence to them. (Birt, 2009: 217) Here, we can see Birt is agreeing that post terrorist activities, the media is allowed to give a free press voice to racist views and opinions without fear of backlash from media regulators. The defect in analysing the islamophobic nature of publications such as the Mail surrounding terrorist actions is that it is to be expected. There is bound to be a bad press reaction to national identities and religious viewpoints, how far the negative portrayal of those identities goes without trepidation of media regulators punishment, is an issue that needs to be addressed. The British Journalism Review (March 2006) argues that the same harmful representation of Muslims within the media is the same for other terrorist groups such as the IRA. One can see similarities between views of Catholics from Ulster in the 1980s and Muslims today, that religious affiliations trumped all other affiliations: In Britain and the United States the popular line was that if you were a Catholic, you probably supported the IRA. Today, if you are a Muslim, the popular line is that you are probably anti-western or fundamentalist. This is not to say that journalism was and is responsible for these views, but rather that de-contextualised coverage did and does little to throw cold water on old stereotypes. The closest literature relating to the topic title comes from Elizabeth Pooles Reporting Islam: Media Representations of British Muslims. The book analyses the current situation regarding the image of Muslims by tracking the development of this form of new racism from earlier works. Poole says that the theme of immigration as a problem has now transferred to Muslims (van Dijk 1991), due to, as Lueg (1995) says a population explosion in the Middle East. British Muslims and their homogeny to other Muslims become the feared fifth column within (Runnymede Trust 1997). This combined with the discussion of numbers of people invading the country depicts aspirations of taking over the world, not seeking asylum. The combination of the hostile threat and movement of Islam promotes the idea that it needs to be managed in a way that allows varied prejudicial practices to continue (Poole, 2002: 47). What Poole is saying is that a plain dislike of the notion of Islam cannot be seen as the central feature of hostility towards Muslims. Attitudes to Muslims derive from a mixture of xenophobia and racism whereby newspapers such as the Mail can discuss or mainly criticise some of the practices of Islam without being seen to be unashamedly prejudice towards Muslims. Another adjoining piece of literature that many academics have drawn from when discussing this topic, is Edward Saids Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world (1981). Said argues that the siege of the American embassy in Iran in 1981 and its media coverage initiated an increased attention and portrayal of Islam with danger, militancy and anti-Western sentiment. The text examines the genesis and ramifications of the medias monolithic images of Islam and reveals the twisting of fact that underlies objective coverage of the Islamic world. Said says the application of a Western ideological framework or an ethnocentric way of seeing (Dahlgren and Chakrapani 1982: 45) has meant we see a domesticated Islamic world or those aspects considered to be newsworthy (Said 1981: 27). This has created a dichotomy between the West and Islam whereby the West is seen as judicious, civilized, developed and superior, and Islam as abnormal, undeveloped and in ferior. There are a small number of published journals that closely share the intentions of this paper. Diane Frosts Islamophobia: examining casual links between the media and race hate from below (2007) analyses the media reporting on recent and ongoing terrorist attacks in Britain and the effect on Muslim communities. The paper discusses islamophobic tendencies within British tabloids and their connections with government policies and violence that concerns religion. Whilst it highlights the medias promotion of moral panics such as problems of asylum and race, it is saying British tabloids breed on these moral panics, going further than the threat that is actually presented. Thus, the media have represented Muslims as a collective problem who threaten the very fabric of British society as supporters of al-Qaida and potential suicide bombers. They are the folk devils of the twenty first century (Diane Frost 2008 find out how to reference journal). It is worth noting that there are strong links between increased anti-terror legislation and other government measures and the way in which publications such as the Mail criminalise Muslim communities when reporting on such measures and legislation. This type of research will be considered in the methods section of the paper. Ian Hargreaves writes a piece in the New Statesman that demonstrates the negative coverage of immigration from the Mail in relation to fuelling racist attitudes. He says: It is not that I view with cynicism the Daily Mails efforts to achieve balance in its reporting of racial issues. Rather, I think the paper is misguided in discounting the encouragement its asylum coverage gives to racist sentiments (Hargreaves 2000). Reverting back to the theory that newspapers such as the Daily Mail have colonial instincts and an anti-foreigner viewpoint established within its DNA, Hargreaves is trying to say that these publications are not intending to be racist; they simply believe the types of stories concerning Islam being published are due to the public-interest factor. Christopher Allens journal discusses the dangerousness of the concept of Islamophobia in analytical relation with the findings of the Runnymede Trust Report (1997). The reports findings concluded that Islam is inherently seen as other to the West, reinforcing the them and us dualism. Taking this in to consideration, Allen says we should not be surprised to see such headlines as The Daily Mails offering, Fanatics with a death wish: I was born in Britain but I am a Muslim first. Here the Mail is merely reiterating those beliefs that are lodged at the heart of Islamophobia (Allen 2008: 4). The intention of this chapter was to identify underpinning theories, themes and issues published in previous literature in order for readers to understand the intentions of the research and findings that will be developed in the methods and data analysis. Methods and methodology This chapter will discuss the research that this paper will be carrying out, the reasons for using those methods and what results are to be expected. The most appropriate methods will be discussed along with their advantages and limitations, with ethical considerations ensured so that the data is collected in an ethical way. Previous research philosophy approaches to the medias role in the reproduction of racism are mainly content analytical; quantitative studies picking out the use of stereotypical words, phrases or images used when representing ethnic minorities (see, for example, Van Dijk 1991, 1997). This discourse analytical method systematically describes different structures and tactics of text in relation to a social or political framework. The method enables for the identification of focus on certain topics in a semantic analysis form as well as allowing examination of the overall organisation of news reports. Essentially this means discourse may thus be studied as the crucial interface between the social and cognitive dimensions of racism (Cottle 2000). So, publications such as the Mail as a discourse in the social practice of racism can be seen as a main source for peoples racist views/beliefs. According to Berger (1998: 23) content analysts assume that behavioural patterns, values and attitud es found in this material reflect and affect the behaviour, attitudes and values of the people who create the material. The advantages and reason as to why this paper will be adopting a similar style of research is there is no technology or major funds necessary and it has been known to lead to fundamental changes in the practices of an institution, profession and society as a whole. Another method of research that will be employed is that of conducting surveys to gauge the attitudes and opinions of Daily Mail readers on the subject of Islamic and Muslim issues. This will be cross referenced with readers of other newspapers to see if there is differing attitudes toward issues concerning Muslims, and of the role of The Daily Mail in these perceptions from people who read different newspapers. This intends to highlight the negative effect a newspaper has on readers views of a religion such as Islam and the race of Muslim. One could condemn this research method data saying the views of readers are only the views of the reader and not the publication, how far those views are affected by the discourse would be research that is virtually impossible, or not possible within the means of this author. (Explain the inductive approach to research with reference here) For the content analysis of the Daily Mails inciting of racial hatred, the content that will be analysed will be the amount of articles within a time period of 6 months the issue of Islam and Muslims is reported on in a negative manner. Albeit a personal opinion, a list of examples of this negative portrayal type of article is provided in the appendices. These are articles presenting Muslims and the religion of Islam as a problem and their difficulties with conflicting issues within British society. The research will compare the amount of times within a 6 month period these types of articles concerning Islam are presented in the Mail against how many times an article concerning the neo-Nazi anti-Muslim group The English Defence League (EDL) is shown. This will hope to demonstrate a correlation between increased amounts of Islamic coverage at a certain time with articles on/activities of the EDL. With regards to the questionnaires that will be collected, the scope and design need to be established. The scope or amount of participants that the research intends to gather are as follows; 150 readers of The Daily Mail and double that amount, 300 of readers of all other newspapers. As the research method employed to gather this amount of data means standing outside a busy newsagents (W H Smiths in Lime Street Station, Liverpool) and asking people who have bought newspapers to answer a short survey, to attempt to gather any more than that provided would be take a considerable amount of time and effort. As people are normally quite reluctant to take part in surveys due to time constraints the survey will not ask for some of the standard demographic information such as age; gender; nationality; ethnicity; religion etc. The questionnaire will ask what newspaper the participant reads, usually a quick and easy question to answer when the people who I will be asking have just recently bo ught a newspaper from the newsagents and will realise this is what my questionnaire is concerning. The questions will then be presented by me reading the statement and asking their opinion on that statement from a spectrum of answers, these being: strongly agree; agree; neutral; disagree and strongly disagree. This method does not force a yes or no answer that some participants may be reluctant to give considering the invasive nature of the questions. At the same time it could be considered to be avoiding leading questions. Where the participant may realise the questions are intended to produce certain types of generalisations so they would answer accordingly for the purposes of the research, they have some form of choice in which to express their opinions. These two forms of quantitative and qualitative research are used in order to arrive at a degree of triangulation when forming the findings and conclusions of the data collected. The two types of research methods that this paper will be employing will be that of content analysis within a theoretical framework and surveys conducted. The aim is to achieve a form of triangulation in which to infer meanings from when analysing and evaluating the collected data. Data, analysis and discussion Conclusion