N.B. Meaning

Now, pay attention! Thats the basic meaning of N.B.  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  the abbreviated form of the Latin phrase nota bene (literally, note well). N.B. still appears in some forms of academic writing as a way of steering readers attention toward something particularly important. Etymology The phrase nota bene is Latin and may technically be a shortened form of the phrase notate bene, which means note well. The verb notare means to note. Notate (and, for that matter, nota as well) is a specific conjugation in the imperative mood, indicating that it is a command, not a neutral description of action. The difference between notate and nota is simply a matter of singular versus plural: nota addresses one individual, while notate gives the same instruction to a group of two or more. Bene is a common Latin adverb that simply means well. While many Latin words evolved over time to become slightly different words in the various Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, French, and so on), bene is one that still exists: it has the same meaning in contemporary Italian. Usage of Latin in the Modern Era Two or three centuries ago, when classical Latin was widely taught in British and American schools, it wasnt unusual for Latin expressions to appear in English prose. For proof, pick up an American dollar bill and look at the Great Seal of the United States on the reverse (or greenback) side. There on the left, just above the floating eye and the unfinished pyramid, is the Latin phrase Annuit Coeptis, loosely translated as Providence has approved our undertaking. At the base of the pyramid is MDCCLXXVI (1776 in Roman numerals) and below that the motto Novus Ordo Seclorum (a new order of the ages). To the right, on the ribbon in the eagles beak, is the countrys first motto, E Pluribus Unum, or one out of many. Now thats a lot of Latin for a buck! But keep in mind that the Great Seal was approved by Congress way back in 1782. Since 1956 the official motto of the U.S. has been In God We Trust —  in English. As the Romans used to say, Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (Times change, and we change with them). Nowadays, with a few exceptions (such as A.D., a.m., and p.m.), abbreviations for Latin words and phrases have become rare in ordinary writing. And so our advice regarding most Latin abbreviations (including e.g., etc., et al., and i.e.) is generally to avoid using them when an English word or phrase would do just as well. If you must use them (say in footnotes, bibliographies, and technical lists), consider these guidelines on how to tell them apart and use them correctly. Examples of Usage Nota bene is used, in the modern world at least, most frequently in legal writing to draw attention to something specific. It also shows up in academia from time to time, although the simpler, English indicator note has largely replaced nota bene or n.b. in these instances. In more recent writing, n.b. is the most common marking, but it actually was not used at all in the medieval era. Medieval texts have several different nota bene marks: DM (which stands for dignum memoria, another Latin phrase that translates as worth remembering), various anagrams of the word nota, or, most amusingly, tiny drawings of a hand (formally called a manicule or index) pointing at the section that needs specific attention. Outside of legal and technical writing, n.b. is fairly archaic in contemporary English writing. You might still come across formal writing or directions that use it: You will have 60 minutes to complete the test. N.B.: A single 3x5 index card of notes may be used during this exam.The train will depart  at 10 a.m. on February 2. N.b: Tickets cannot be exchanged or refunded. In general, however, when modern writers want their readers to pay close attention to something or not miss an important piece of information, they will use a different phrase. Popular substitutes include please note or important, which still place emphasis on the necessarily information without use of a semi-archaic Latin abbreviation.

Power And Institutional Control / Domination Essay

The paper that I’m writing will reflect on power and institutional control/ domination. This paper will discuss how supplemental readings #4 Emile Durkheim- The Rules of Sociological Method, #14 Karl Marx- The Communist Manifesto, #16 Max Weber- Economy and Society #20 M. Foucault- Docile Bodies from Discipline and Punish all contribute to a true meaning understanding of power and institutions control/ domination. The key components that deals with power, and institutions control/ domination are family relationships between two people either related by birth, marriage, adoption and in some any long -standing ties of intimacy. Education in which knowledge, skills and values are transmitted from on individual or group to another. Religion is based on beliefs and practices pertaining to the norms about the right way to live that is shared a group of believers. Economic institutions are a set of arrangements by which a society produces, distributes and consume goods. Political ins titutions that pertain to the governance of a society. These social institutions listed above are established or standardized patterns of rule governed behaviors that are controlled. Article 1. Emile Durkheim a French Sociologist truly believed that the study of society was to base on and examined on facts. When it comes to what are social facts. Durkheim concept of how and what is society is composed of individuals that keeps society moving and even what makes it fall apart. Social fact consists ofShow MoreRelatedFoucault and the Theories of Power and Identity Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesFoucault believed that power is never in any one persons hands, it does not show itself in any obvious manner but rather as something that works its way into our imaginations and serves to constrain how we act. For example in the setting of a workplace the power does not pass from the top down; instead it circulates through their organizational practices. 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It will then summarise how we commonly define a liberal democracy and what are its recognisable features within a pluralist context such as in Britain. Finally, it will ask how Marxists might view the above as affecting participation in such a political system. Overall this essay will outline the uneven distribution of power Marxism sees in a capitalist, liberal democratic society; the classRead MoreColonialism : Meaning And Scope1460 Wor ds   |  6 PagesIt is an exercise of power and violence against distinct populations that constructs hierarchical opposition and outcasts a particular group transforming them into the subalternity which exacerbates hierarchies creating categories as subalternity (Spivak, 1988). It also characterizes as â€Å"a form of domination- the control of individuals or groups over the territory and/or behavior of other individuals or groups.† (Horvath, 1972, p.46). Domination is the exercise of power over a different subjectRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Civil Rights Movement1407 Words   |  6 Pagessubtle hegemonic power that unfairly withholds political, economic, and social advantages from people of color as the â€Å"possessive investment in whiteness† (2-3). This process of domination is precisely what occurred in the post-Civil Rights Era. Despite the alleged progress believed to have been made, by the mid-1970s â€Å"the overall conditions of the African Am erican population were worse than before the movement,† precisely because of the hegemonic power structure’s effort to restore power (Morant 75)Read MoreAnalysis Of Patricia Hill Collins s Black Feminists1088 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Collins, African-American women inhabit a sex/gender hierarchy in which inequalities of race and social class have been sexualized. By examining the links between sexuality and power, Collins reveals how important controlling Black women’s sexuality has been to the effective operation of domination overall. In other words, Collins claims that sexuality becomes a domain of restriction and repression when it is tied to race, class, and gender. Comparably, in her book Imposing Decency: TheRead MoreSocial Construction And Its Dynamic Effect On Power1157 Words   |  5 Pagesschools of thought in regards to power: power as ‘stuff’ and power as ‘relational’. James Arvanitakis explores the significance of power, inequality, and the numerous complex facets of modern society. This includes the emergence of uneven power relationships and the supremacy of particular groups in society. Hence, the idea of ‘social construction’ and its dynamic effect on power as ‘stuff’ and ‘relational’. The work of philosopher Michel Foucault in regards to social power and disparity attempts to uncover

Sustainable Operations and Destinations †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Operations and Destinations. Answer: Background of the topic Sustainable operations are a vital factor for the tourism sector, the development of which also guarantees the betterment of the respective countries economy (Goeldner Ritchie, 2012). To understand the importance of sustainability in tourism, two destinations are chosen such as London in UK and New York City in USA. The main purpose of this assignment is to analyse the sustainability of the tourism sector in the chosen destinations. Comparison between selected locations Triple Bottom Line Approach Triple bottom line approach advocates the measurement of people, profit and planet. The mentioned approach would check the development of three factors based on the mentioned method. London New York City Profit Highly incrementing economy of the tourism industry, which is set to get double by the end of 2025 One of the largest economy producing sectors in the London and the country Represent 11.6% of the entire GDP in London (Dodds Graci, 2012) Number of foreign visitors have doubled in the last 15 years An integral part of the city Most visited place in the USA for the last 9 consecutive years (Sorkin Zukin, 2013) People Highly developed tourism sector Both domestic and foreign visitors have constantly thronged to the destination in the last 9 years (Maitland Newman, 2014) The tourism industry is experiencing the tourists of all the ages and the cultures Mass development of tourism High numbers of domestic customers but it comparatively lacks in international tourists High numbers of cultures assimilation such as people from Italy, Australia, Japan, China and United Kingdom Local culture is also safe with the mass tourism development Planet Major infrastructures have been performed to accommodate the constant movement of tourists More than 300 theatres and more than 12,000 restaurants (Maitland Newman, 2014) It is one of those cities, which have high-end connectivity with the different parts of world through different Airports One of the most successful hotel development pipeline in the country Infrastructure development have made this more accessible than the past (Maitland Newman, 2014) Table 1: Triple Bottom Line Approach Source: (created by author) Identified challenges Inappropriate tourism development in environmental and weak cultural settings is one of the challenges, which are affecting the immature development in both the towns. New York City is experiencing in particular an uneven turnaround of the visitors. The country is having comparatively less number of foreign tourists probably because of Trumps unsocial move. There is no such problem in London as it has actively maintained a uniform fall of both the domestic and the international visitors. However, the city is not that much friendlier with the other cultures. It has infected racism activities in the city as well as in the country (Goeldner Ritchie, 2012). Regulation in managing challenge The New York City Tourists are doing extremely well to attract foreign visitors. They are spending four times more on attracting the foreign visitors; however, the turnaround growth is yet to happen. The UK government is also taking some initiatives to raise the sense of generosity in the local residents for the different cultures. The actions have produced some improvement also but these improvements are ignorable. It is very difficult to provide a robust solution to the identified problem; however, the city of London is still amongst the top destinations for the foreign visitors (Goeldner Ritchie, 2012). Butler Sequence The butler sequence speaks on the life cycle, which a particular destination covers through its entire journey. The main deciding factors of the cycle are the number of visitors and the respective times. The cycle has five stages such as investigation, participation, expansion, consolidation and stagnation. These five stages help in decide the tourism growth in the chosen destination. Butler Sequence for London According to the butler sequence, London is still in the expansion state. It has yet to reach the stagnation stage. The highly incrementing growth and the consequent visitors fall have helped kept London at the expansion or the development stage. Butler Sequence for New York City According to the definition of butler sequence New York City is at the stage of development. This is very much evident in its process, which has targeted the foreign visitors in particular. They are spending four times bigger on attracting the foreign visitors. Conclusion The tourism development has had progressed in a mature pace in both London and New York City. However, both the cities have realized the necessity of developing their tourism industry. New York City is having a comparatively higher rate of growth because London has already been able to attract both the domestic and foreign visitors and this is why it does not require any notable changes at this stage. However, New York City has not been able a comparatively bigger participation of foreign visitors. Moreover, they are spending much on the foreign visitors. References Dodds, R., Graci, S. (2012).Sustainable tourism in island destinations. Routledge. Goeldner, C. R., Ritchie, J. B. (2012).Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies(No. Ed. 12). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Maitland, R., Newman, P. (2014).World tourism cities: Developing tourism off the beaten track. Routledge. Sorkin, M., Zukin, S. (Eds.). (2013).After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City. Routledge.

The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Essay Example

The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Paper Michael Moore produced the film Bowling for Columbine with the intention of persuading the viewers that gun laws are too relaxed in the United States. He believes that these laws have both contributed and added to, what he describes as a state of perpetual paranoia and a culture of fear amongst all of Americas citizens. Although Moore himself is not against guns since he is actually a member of the National Rifle Association (NRA). He does hold the opinion that the fear mongering and trepidation encouraged by both the media and politicians, intensifies the potential dangers of individual gun ownership, by reducing the nationwide threshold with regards to violence with firearms, and thus exposing many innocent people to violent attacks. Moore uses an array of persuasive techniques through the course of his polemic; with the most effective being irony and satirical humor, scene sequencing and sound effects and finally intelligent manipulation of background music. The first key scene A Wonderful World rebuts the conception that the US is a benevolent force around the world and that it does not use its military strength to physically impose and cause deliberate harm. In confrontation to this view, Moore is attempting to show that the USAs propensity for violence overseas contributes to the growing levels and intensities of violence in America. The scene is enclosed by sequences shot in Littleton, Colorado is compliant with Moores overall objective of the film: to expose Americas misguided love of guns and violence. We will write a custom essay sample on The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The preceding scene to this key scene is typical of Moores persuasive style and is a polemic in its own right, the direct paradox between supplier and victim along with the juxtaposing music is another example of satirical humor. The preceding scene is of the Lockheed Martin spokesman: Lockheed Martin is Americas largest producer of inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM). The conversation between Moore and the spokesman is ironically positioned in front of an ICBM and the spokesmans words undermining Americas proclivity for violence especially before the scene at hand is another example of ironic scene sequencing and irony. The actual scene contains many emotive visuals, as it is a newsreel of many atrocities involving America in the previous fifty years. The effect of the posters displaying unity and the visuals allow us to humanely connect with the scene and the individuals as Moore allows the observer to come to their own conclusion on their stance. The irony of the Wonderful World song is another example of satirical humor and indirectly creates an eerily awkward tone, which magnifies the emotional impact on the observer, thus making the scene more effective. The subtitles throughout make the scene appear more official: as it makes us interpret the statements as facts in our minds which is just a human tendency, again adding to the effectiveness as it describes the monstrosities that the pictures display. However emotive language is used in the subtitles instead of actual facts as they are more interesting to the audience: Moore distorts factual evidence with his own opinions of events but this is almost undetectable due to the speed at which the slides are changing which is again limiting the audience chance, indirectly, to think independently. The vast flow of information throughout creates a negative impression of America as it shows the vastness of support for Moores motion, however it also allows very little time to actually think about the points he is making and any other in-depth attempts of analytical observation are barred by the repetitive sound of gunfire which is another persuasive technique. However, arguably the most affective technique in this scene is not what Moore includes but what he decides to selectively omit. The scene appears to show historical accounts of what America has done in the years previously, however history is the story of both sides and rather than give information on presidential leaders they are immediately classed as dictators, this is very effective as it makes no room for sub-conscious objections. The scene itself starts with a picture of a frail leader with the caption Mossadeq overthrown again this is opinionative suggesting that it was not Americas duty to intervene. Also the most emotive part of this scene is the visual itself as it depicts an old, frail man whilst the word overthrown is very strong and again indicative of unnecessary and disproportional violence. The following scene again uses emotive visuals and language as it shows the replacement that America subsequently installed. However the subtitles are biased in that they call Shah a dictator and display him and Iranian soldiers marching in a goosestep-esque fashion, essentially aligning the US with installing another Hitler into the Iranian system. Repetition of this emotive visuals and language continues when it shows democratically elected Arbenz overthrown, which is again political bias and selective omission as it disregards the information that he became a tyrannical dictator that murdered his people. The use of Statistics when describing the 200000 civilians killed seems duly informed, as there is no source. However it is emotive in that statistics are always perceived to be true. Even the statistics are used as a persuasive technique as they claim the casualties are civilians is more emotive as it connects with the audience it aligns with Moores message that America is ruthless in international conflicts. When the scene comes to Diem being assassinated is yet another example of selective omission as it fails to mention that this was at a time of extreme international tension after the second world war the red scare or the fear of communism was rife amongst the western world. However the portrayal of the corpse with the subtitle is again manipulative as it prevents the audience from coming up with an impartial decision, as it is impossible to regard a corpse as humane. Another important section of this scene was the element on The Vietnam war that still plays in the hearts and minds of many Americans today and would be very familiar to many Americans perhaps unlike all the other scenes scripted earlier in this scene. The limited use of statistics before this point emphasizes and stresses the disproportional use of force where 4 million people were killed. Again the word killed is very harsh and displays no remorse and reinforces Michael Moores view. The rest of the other scenes are repetitive in response as they again use emotive visuals and language as well as selective omission to make them more emotive. The pictures often display weak and powerless individuals being slain however information is selectively omitted to make these killings seem irrational but in many cases many of these situations required intervention and disregarded the human rights of the citizens. However Moore does stress that 4 American Nuns were killed in violence in El Salvador, this again harbors Moores motion that oversea violence is returning to America in the form of violent crimes, the fact that the victims were Americans would convince many Americans of irrationality especially with the innocence associated with nuns. Another particularly emotive element of this scene is when it claims the US trained Osama Bin Laden during the war between Afghanistan and Russia this would be very alarming to many Americans whilst it is another example where selective omission and irony are the basis of the argument. The contextual reference of this scene is that Bin Laden and other Afghans were fighting to stop the spread of Communism in the region which is why the US supported them and indeed not to train terrorists. A similar section of this scene is when it claims US funds Saddam again playing on the minds of the audience as contextual information is lacking for persuasive purposes. This then directly links into the points of the Iraq war which many Americans now question the motives for, whilst adding any further information about the deaths and casualties involved in the war angering the general population into Moores perspective. However the lasts two sections of the scene are the most important in that they are the US funds Taliban in aid the greatest irony thus far and the sum of the aid is a significant $245million and is likely to anger the general population who are fully aware of the nature of the Taliban. Especially with the nature of the aid being inferred by all as weapons. This is instrumental as it is integral to Michael Moores view that it is the US actions with regards to foreign affairs that have caused violence on the home-front. The final section is 911 footage, this is very satirical and is deeply imbedded in the hearts of Americans however due to the sequencing Moore essentially allows the blame for the attacks to fall back on the US both in the preceding scenes by funding the Taliban and training Bin Laden and this would be very emotive. Ironically the wonderful world song finishes just as the second plane strikes the shorter tower as the scene reaches its climax this is exceptionally persuasive as the real life footage changes the mood and tone to deeply remorseful ones. One of Moores primary techniques is the positioning of clips: he often edits in a manner to make a highly emotive scene next to one that is factual or another that is a complete paradox. Thus, manipulating the viewers emotions to make them more receptive to his argument. The films early sections are short and almost entirely humorous ridiculing the opposition in the face of arguments. Moore targets respected figures of authority and pro-gun groups and ridicules them with pre-prepared difficult questions. Moore uses a sarcastic and satirical approach serves to undermine the view that personal gun ownership is questionable and its function, hunting, has become a cover for the ever-growing sense of fear within society. This tactic which Moore utilises throughout the beginning and mid-section of the film, it is designed to create the impression that the reader is choosing to side with Michael Moore, however his techniques only allow for one line of thought. Through humor he allows you to side with him against his opposition, implicitly aligning yourself with his beliefs. The second scene based on the school shooting at Columbine High School marks a change in tone as the documentary takes a more serious tone. Much of Moores ability to persuade hinges on the emotional impact of seeing two cold-blooded teenage boys gunning down other children with automatic weapons and explosives is the cornerstone of Moores rhetoric: the implied question is that why does America allow things like this too keep happening? Following the Columbine massacre, the National Rifle Association (NRA) held a rally only a few days after, and Moore shows this in the film. Moore cleverly cuts extracts from previous speeches made by Charlton Heston from my cold dead hands and makes it seem as though he said it immediately after the Columbine massacre. This is very effective as it persuades the viewer that even an event such as the one at Columbine, has no effect on people and the way they view a gun despite the fact that it has just claimed 12 innocent lives. The use of powerful imagery is also very effective within this scene and Moore cleverly edits and selects the clips which will have the desired effect on the viewer. Moore selects the video footage in a way so that the action gets more dramatic and there is more panic as Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold undergo their butchery. This manipulates the viewer into thinking that the events had an even bigger effect on people and that it caused an extreme level of fear, worry and panic. The quality of the image is quite poor and this makes it seem even more realistic for the viewer. This, combined with the fact that they see the two students open fire, make the footage very harrowing and disturbing for the viewer and exaggerate the problem of gun crime in the US. In the footage, Moore highlights Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold by shining a light on them. This makes it easier for the viewer to see exactly what they are doing, but it also makes them look like angels of death. This illustrates how the criminals have so much power and have the ability to take the life of other people if they choose to. During the footage, Moore plays the audio of an emergency call which was made during the events which makes the footage seem even more realistic and it means that it has a bigger impact on the viewer as they can hear the emotion and fear in the voices of the victims. This persuades the viewer that gun laws are too lax, as firearms have caused people to be put in such a state of panic and fear and that is not something that is desired. Following the CCTV footage, Moore reads out some statistics about the massacre such as the fact that over 900 rounds of ammunition were fired and that all of the weapons and ammunition was legally purchased. This is incredibly shocking for the viewer to hear and it persuades them to think that there needs to be a change in the gun laws, because it cannot be this easy to purchase and use firearms and cause such carnage. Overall, this sequence has a very big impact on the viewer and is very effective at persuading them to think that the gun laws in the US need to be changed and made stricter so that such events cannot repeat themselves. The impression is cleverly created by Moore, who uses techniques such as powerful imagery of the massacre, the editing of Charlton Hestons speech, positioning within the film as well as audio from recorded emergency calls. All of these combine to create a profound effect on the reader and Moore is very successful in manipulating the mind of the reader by using such techniques. The final key sequence within this film is the Brief History of the United States cartoon. This is an animation which simplifies some of the key events throughout American history in an attempt to find out why the USA has such high rates of gun crime. The purpose of this sequence is to mock and point out the nature of American culture and the fact that live in a society of constant fear and this is why there are such high gun crime rates. In this sequence, Moore uses techniques such as statistics, positioning, audio and imagery to persuade the viewer that the reason for the high gun crime is the culture of fear that America live in. This cartoon is positioned at the end of the film and that is very effective at persuading the viewer because this cartoon deals with the reason for the high gun crime, i. e. the reason why for the Columbine massacre and 9/11 attacks and this means that the viewer will be more likely to agree with it as they have seen the effects of firearms. Prior to the cartoon, Moore shows the statistics about the number of deaths caused by guns in several countries and this shows the US to be far higher than other countries: Japan 39 and USA 11,127. Moore shows the high figures of the US just after the low figures of Japan and this huge difference highlights how lax the gun laws are in the US. This makes it more effective as it makes the US seem worse and the problem seem greater and therefore that there is a greater need for there to be a change in gun laws. Moore uses simple cartons and basic drawings throughout this illustration and this means that it is appropriate for people of all ages, and even young children, which highlights how the problem affects everyone and not just adults. The fact that the narrator of the cartoon is a bullet which is constantly smiling and friendly encourages people to use guns and they are not dangerous, even though they clearly are. The cartoon format which Moore chose for this sequence is very sarcastic and jovial, which illustrates how the issue is not being taken seriously enough and this persuades the viewer that there needs to be a change in attitude and laws in the US. Moore cleverly omits certain periods of American history in order to show the US in a bad light; Moore only shows the parts of history in which American have been violent and used guns and they never mentioned any of the good deeds which America has done. This is very effective as it manipulates the viewer into thinking that America is all bad, when that is not necessarily the case. This is effective at persuading the viewer as they believe that change has to be taken in order for America to stop committing such bad behaviours such as burning witches and slavery.

Forensic Anthropology essays

Forensic Anthropology essays DUE THURSDAY MAY 23rd between 8-10AM in room 3305J Three case scenarios are provided below. In each, you must answer a series of questions about each case (questions are in bold). Try to make your answers as detailed and specific as possible. Use your lecture notes and readings to help in answering the questions but also use your common sense. Sit down and read the scenario carefully. Reference sources, including any assigned or optional texts used in this class, should be cited in the text (example Byers, 2001, pp. 12) and listed at the end of the assignment. Scenario #1 (40 points): Two hikers were passing through some remote trails in a park system in the Northwest corner of NY State. They notice a pile of purple and red clothing in some nearby brush. Upon closer look, they notice some hard yellowish/white substance peeking out, which they perceive is human bone. Horrified by their find, they quickly race back to the Park entrance to notify the authorities. When investigators return to the scene they observe that the remains include a partially decomposed human body partly buried by leaves, small rocks and other debris. The officers suspect that these remains are of a concealed, recent burial, probably a homicide. Wisely, the officers choose to wait to continue the investigation until a team of forensic experts can be assembled, including an experienced crime scene investigator and a forensic anthropologist. 1.Detail a plan of investigation for this apparent crime scene. What steps should be followed in the investigation and in what order? The area around the human remains should be searched for any materials (including missing body parts) that might serve to identify the person or help in identifying the circumstances surrounding the death of the decendent. Documentation of evidence begins at the moment of discovery. The evidence should be recorded photographically and in a written record before i...

Lord Charles Cornwallis, American Revolution Commander

Lord Charles Cornwallis, American Revolution Commander Charles Cornwallis (December 31, 1738–October 5, 1805), was a British peer, a Member of the House of Lords and the 2nd Earl of Cornwallis, who was a trusted member of the English government. Cornwallis was sent to America to manage the military aspects of colonial government, and despite losing there, he was subsequently sent to India and Ireland to do the same. Fast Facts: Lord Charles Cornwallis Known For: Military leader for the British in the American Revolution, other military responsibilities for British colonies of India and IrelandBorn: December 31, 1738 in London, EnglandParents: Charles, 1st Earl Cornwallis and his wife Elizabeth TownshendDied: October 5, 1805 in Ghazipur, IndiaEducation: Eton, Clare College at Cambridge, military school in Turin, ItalySpouse: Jemima Tullekin JonesChildren: Mary, Charles (2nd Marquess Cornwallis) Early Life Charles Cornwallis was born at Grosvenor Square, London on December 31, 1738, the eldest son of Charles, 1st Earl Cornwallis and his wife Elizabeth Townshend. Well-connected, Cornwallis mother was a niece of Sir Robert Walpole while his uncle, Frederick Cornwallis, served as Archbishop of Canterbury (1768–1783). Another uncle, Edward Cornwallis, established Halifax, Nova Scotia and attained the rank of lieutenant general in the British Army. After receiving his early education at Eton, Cornwallis graduated from Clare College at Cambridge. Unlike many wealthy young men of the time, Cornwallis elected to enter the military rather than pursue a life of leisure. After purchasing a commission as an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards on December 8, 1757, Cornwallis quickly distanced himself from other aristocratic officers by actively studying military science. This saw him spend time learning from Prussian officers and attending the military academy at Turin, Italy. Early Military Career In Geneva when the Seven Years War commenced, Cornwallis attempted to return from the continent but was unable to rejoin his unit before it departed Britain. Learning of this while in Cologne, he secured a position as a staff officer to Lieutenant General  John Manners, Marquess of Granby. Taking part in the Battle of Minden (August 1, 1759), he then purchased a captains commission in the 85th Regiment of Foot. Two years later, he fought with the 11th Foot at the Battle of Villinghausen (July 15-16, 1761) and was cited for bravery. The next year, Cornwallis, now a lieutenant colonel, saw further action at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal (June 24, 1762). Parliament and Personal Life While abroad during the war, Cornwallis was elected to the House of Commons representing the village of Eye in Suffolk. Returning to Britain in 1762 following the death of his father, he assumed the title of Charles, 2nd Earl Cornwallis and in November took his seat in the House of Lords. A Whig, he soon became a protege of future prime minister Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. While in the House of Lords, Cornwallis was sympathetic toward the American colonies and was one of a small number of peers who voted against the Stamp and Intolerable Acts. He received command of the 33rd Regiment of Foot in 1766. In 1768, Cornwallis fell in love and married Jemima Tullekin Jones, the daughter of untitled Colonel James Jones. Settling in Culford, Suffolk, the marriage produced a daughter, Mary, and a son, Charles. Stepping back from the military to raise his family, Cornwallis served on the Kings Privy Council (1770) and as a Constable of the Tower of London (1771). With war in America beginning, Cornwallis was promoted to major general by King George III in 1775 despite his earlier criticism of the governments colonial policies. American Revolution Immediately offering himself for service, and despite the extreme objections of his wife, Cornwallis received orders to leave for America in late 1775. Given command of a 2,500-man force from Ireland, he encountered a string of logistical difficulties which delayed its departure. Finally putting to sea in February 1776, Cornwallis and his men endured a storm-filled crossing before rendezvousing with Major General Henry Clintons force, which was tasked with taking Charleston, South Carolina. Made Clintons deputy, he took part in the failed attempt on the city. With the repulse, Clinton and Cornwallis sailed north to join  General William Howes army outside of New York City. Fighting in the North Cornwallis played a key role in Howes capture of New York City that summer and fall and his men were frequently at the head of the British advance. In late 1776, Cornwallis was preparing to return to England for the winter but was forced to stay to deal with General George Washingtons army after the American victory at Trenton. Marching south, Cornwallis unsuccessfully attacked Washington and later had his rearguard defeated at Princeton (January 3, 1777). Though Cornwallis was now serving directly under Howe, Clinton blamed him for the defeat at Princeton, increasing tensions between the two commanders. The next year, Cornwallis led the key flanking maneuver that defeated Washington at the Battle of the Brandywine (September 11, 1777) and starred in the victory at Germantown (October 4, 1777). Following his capture of Fort Mercer in November, Cornwallis finally returned to England. His time at home was short however, as he rejoined the army in America, now led by Clinton, in 1779. That summer, Clinton decided to abandon Philadelphia and return to New York. While the army marched north, it was attacked by Washington at Monmouth Court House. Leading the British counterattack, Cornwallis drove back the Americans until being stopped by the main body of Washingtons army. That fall Cornwallis again returned home, this time to care for his ailing wife. Following her death on February 14, 1779, Cornwallis re-devoted himself to the military and took command of British forces in the southern American colonies. Aided by Clinton, he captured Charleston in May 1780. The Southern Campaign With Charleston taken, Cornwallis moved to subjugate the countryside. Marching inland, he routed an American army under Major General Horatio Gates at Camden in August and pushed up into North Carolina. Following the defeat of British Loyalist forces at Kings Mountain on October 7, Cornwallis withdrew back to South Carolina. Throughout the Southern Campaign, Cornwallis and his subordinates, such as Banastre Tarleton, were criticized for their harsh treatment of the civilian population. While Cornwallis was able to defeat conventional American forces in the South, he was plagued by guerrilla raids on his supply lines. On December 2, 1780, Major General Nathaniel Greene took command of American forces in the South. After splitting his force, one detachment, under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, routed Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens (January 17, 1781). Stunned, Cornwallis began pursuing Greene north. After reuniting his army, Greene was able to escape over the Dan River. The two finally met on March 15, 1781, at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. In heavy fighting, Cornwallis won a costly victory, forcing Greene to retreat. With his army battered, Cornwallis opted to continue the war in Virginia. Late that summer, Cornwallis received orders to locate and fortify a base for the Royal Navy on the Virginia coast. Selecting Yorktown, his army began building fortifications. Seeing an opportunity, Washington raced south with his army to lay siege to Yorktown. Cornwallis hoped to be relieved by Clinton or removed by the Royal Navy, however after the French naval victory at the Battle of the Chesapeake he was trapped with no choice but to fight. After enduring a three-week siege, he was forced to surrender his 7,500-man army, effectively ending the American Revolution. Later Career Cornwallis sailed home as a prisoner of war on parole, and on the way, the ship was captured by a French privateer. Cornwallis eventually reached London on January 22, 1782, but he did not secure his complete freedom until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783. He found that no one blamed him for the loss of the American colony, and, as early as the summer of 1782, he was offered the role of governor-general of India, then a colony of Great Britain. Politics delayed his acceptance- in part his own requirements to have a military role rather than a strictly political one- and in the interim, he made a fruitless diplomatic mission to Prussia to meet with Frederick the Great about a possible alliance with England. Cornwallis finally accepted the post of governor-general of India on February 23, 1786, and arrived in Madras in August. During his tenure, he proved an able administrator and a gifted reformer. While in India, his forces defeated the famed Tipu Sultan. At the end of his first term, he was made 1st Marquess Cornwallis and returned to England in 1794. He was engaged in a small way in the French Revolution and named master of the ordinance. In 1798, he was dispatched to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief of the  Royal Irish Army. After putting down an Irish rebellion, he aided in passing the Act of Union, which united the English and Irish Parliaments. Death and Legacy Resigning from the army in 1801, Cornwallis was again sent to India four years later. His second term proved short, though, as he grew ill and died in Ghazipur, capital of the Varanasi kingdom, on October 5, 1805, only two months after arriving. He is buried there, with his monument overlooking the Ganges River. Cornwallis was a British aristocrat and a member of Englands House of Lords, seemed sympathetic at times toward the American colonists, and opposed many of the Tory governments policies that offended them. But as a supporter of the status quo and a man of strong character and inflexible principles, he was trusted to aid in suppressing the rebellion in his post in America. Despite his losses there, he was sent to do the same in India and Ireland.

Humanitarian Intervention-The Responsibility to Protect Development Essay

Humanitarian Intervention-The Responsibility to Protect Development - Essay Example Although the idea appears to be lawful, it is in contrast with the Charter to humanitarian intervention that prohibits the use of force in restoring peace. Article 2 chapter 4 presents the legal dimension that governs against the use of force. It states that, â€Å"All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.† Hence, NATO breached the international law when it used force without the consent of the UN Security Council and this places the organization outside legality. Humanitarian intervention takes into consideration the atrocities that occur within states that shook the conscience of humankind; hence the need of effective intervention that will help to save defenceless people in the country from starvation, carnage, among other human conditions (Ban 2009, 8). Humanitarian interventi on can be defined as the use of coercive military force in the internal affairs of a sovereign state with the aim of addressing massive human rights violation so as to prevent widespread human suffering within a state by other state(s) (Weiss 2006, 3). There are various forms of humanitarian intervention including protection of humanitarian aid operations, use of military forces to deliver humanitarian aid such as food, water, medicine and shelter, protecting victims of violence and fighting violence perpetrators in states under threat. The humanitarian intervention is attributed to the role played by the UN Security Council in promoting international peace and security through authorization of military force to respond to severe atrocities. This role is seen in interventions during the atrocities in Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo and East Timor. The humanitarian intervention plays effective roles in conflict resolution in peacekeeping through collective interventions by the UN as well as regional bodies sanctioned by the UN Security Council. The humanitarian interventions has always been treated as suspects since they are viewed to be used as mere vehicles for national aggrandizement, institutions of political and economic systems that are detested by indigenous population and imposition of puppets in power. These issues raised by humanitarian intervention makes it impractical for balancing sovereign rights and global values. Given the US has been shadowing its operations in invading other countries under the umbrella of humanitarian intervention and UN charter article 2 chapters 7 that calls for enforcement of measures that aid in international peace and security. Most of the humanitarian intervention involves attempt of stemming out the tides of threats to international peace and security (Pattinson 2010, 113). This is due the fact that peace in the world today is being destroyed by unending wars and conflicts that tend to block the world peace process thus leadin g to material loss, loss of life and mental sadness. Humanitarian disasters results to torture of human conscience and these calls for the whole of the international community to be responsible in times of massive humanitarian crisis. Interventions that took place in Somalia in 1993 were characterized by failure of the doctrine and this led to facing out of intervention thus leading to non-interventionism. Non-interventionism approach was employed in Rwanda and this led to disastrous consequences in 1994 brought about by genocide. In effect, interventionism was employed in Kosovo and East Timor in 1999. The Kosovo war is a good case for understanding the legality of the humanitari

Ethical use of information technology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical use of information technology - Article Example Federal Intelligence Organization and for shattering the integrity and privacy of the U.S. Air Force website (Chellel 1). In May 2013, they were jailed as these reputable organizations suffered with hefty losses of reputation and money due to these hackers. In jail, Ackroyd was truly guilty and felt extremely embarrassed for what he did and how badly he used his gifted skills (Chellel 1). He decided to correct all his mistakes when he gets out of jail, and use his natural blessing of ability to hack for the goodwill of his nation and people. But, he was still doubtful if life would give him another chance and he would get any opportunity to be a part of the respectable society and study further, ever. Ackroyd’s imprisonment period was shortened to nine months. When he was released out of jail in February, his good intentions helped him and he succeeded in getting admission at Sheffield Hallam for a Masters qualification in the field of Information Systems Security (Chellel 1). It was not late after, when he again got a big chance to prove his skills, but now for a good purpose. His role became active when companies direly demanded ethical hacking, due to flooding in of cyber security. Companies lacked the immediate expertise required to protect their business from drowning in the floods of cyber security. LulzSec’s hacking activities against Pay Pal and Mastercard Inc. were observed at a hype when they rejected WikiLeaks to operate for their payments from their platform. These companies got highly alert when Wikileaks dispatched all military confidential information. LelzSec’s members conducted their activity by recording FBI conversations, uploading all secret info and false claims on YouTube. They became a great threat for the nation. Ackroyd has a heroic role in this act. Server obstacles and hidden patterns were always a thrill for Ackroyd (Chellel 1). With his nature of taking the hidden as a challenge and going deep down, Ackroyd

The things needed by a woman fleeing from domestic abuse Essay Example for Free

The things needed by a woman fleeing from domestic abuse Essay There are many things that one can do to support a woman who is attempting to flee from domestic violence. According to the Domestic Violence Victims Bill of Rights (Andrew Cuomo, 2008). The first critical thing that a survivor of domestic violence needs is assistance to get both her and any children to safety. Safety means to a shelter, or location where one’s partner will not look. Safety also means that the survivor of domestic violence will need legal assistance. Second, they will need legal and law enforcement assistance in obtaining Temporary Restraining Orders, and personal belongings. According to Strong DeVault and Sayad (2001), one fo the most critical things that can be provided for women fleeing from domestic abuse would be emotional and psychological support. This can be provided in any number of ways including, counseling, support groups, and family support networks. 4. 2. Discuss some of the general recommendations that family violence experts make for preventing family violence. Strong, DeVault and Sayad (2001) make several suggestions that can be seen as effective in preventing situations in which family violence might occur. The first solution that is suggested by the experts is that society seeks to reduce societal problems such as, poverty, unemployment, low wages and other factors that contribute to situations of extreme stress within the family. The second suggestion made by Strong, DeVault and Sayad (2001) is that both husbands and wives in a family need equal opportunities to achieve educational and career goals. The third key aspect of preventing family violence according to the experts is to educate men and women about family planning and birth control in order to avoid unplanned or unwanted pregnancy. The final method suggested by Strong, DeVault and Sayad (2001) is to ensure that parents, specifically young parents are educated about parenting as well as about disciplinary methods that are non-violent in nature in order to break the multi-generational cycle of violence that is common to many families. Strong, DeVault, Sayad (2001) suggest that the daycare system be reformed and that preventative programs be developed to stop family violence before it becomes a problem for families. Finally, it is suggest that families receive assistance in developing social support networks in order to end social isolation that may be common in violent family situations. These suggests from the experts are only general however they can guide agencies and therapists who deal with family violence in creating policies and programs to deal with family violence. 4. 3. What is Divorce Mediation and what is its primary goal? Divorce mediation is primarily a means of resolving marital disputes resulting form divorce such as, property division and child custody, without involving the courts, or lawyers. This reduces the stress on the divorcing couple and allows them to settle without the hostility and arguing over these issues that is typically seen in divorce pursued through the court systems. Strong, DeVault, and Sayad (2001) argue that, this is critical for ensuring that the best possible results are obtained for the family in terms of child custody, visitation and child support. Strong, DeVault and Sayad (2001) suggest that divorce medication can have a powerful influence on how well parents get along after a divorce and therefore how well children adjust to a situation of divorce. This means that family members are less likely to have problems if mediation rather than courts and lawyers are utilized in order to avoid hostilities. In fact, avoidance of hostility between divorcing family members is the primary goal of divorce mediation. 4. 4 Based on the work of Visher and Visher, discuss three structural characteristics that make the stepfamily different from the traditional first-marriage family? There are three main ways in which stepfamilies differ structurally from traditional nuclear families. According to Strong, DeVault and Sayad (2001), one major way lies in the fact that one for both parents in a stepfamily may have differing custody arrangements for their children including, sole custody, joint custody, legal custody, physical custody or no custody of their children. Thus children that are brought into the marriage may spend differing amounts of time within the stepfamily and have differing rates of adjustment to living within a stepfamily. Second, the number of parents in the family differs from the traditional two parent family because a child may have a biological mother and father and anywhere from 1-4 stepmothers and stepfathers. This can create conflicts, as the child will have to face different rules and expectations with each family. Finally, Strong, DeVault and Sayad (2001) state that, stepfamilies are larger, and often have more complicated family system than traditional families. References James, Paula (1997) The Divorce Mediation Handbook: Everything You Need To Know. Jossey-Bass, New York, 240 Office of the New York State Attorney General (2008) Domestic Violence Victims Bill Of Rights Retrieved, August 11, 2008, from, http://www. oag. state. ny. us/family/domestic_violence. html Strong, Bryan, DeVault, Christine, and Sayad, Barbara, W (2001) The Marriage and Family Experience 9thEd, Wadsworth/Thomson Publishing, New York,

Oliver Cromwell Essay -- Biography

A strong man, with skillful military ability, helped to construct a plan to overthrow King Charles I during his reign of tyranny (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 79). Oliver Cromwell was well-known as one of the most controversial heroes of his time. Cromwell played a big part in the military as a soldier and a general. He was also a part of the English Parliament, which was somewhat corrupt during this time period. Oliver Cromwell was born April 25, 1599, in Huntingdon, England; near the end of the Elizabethan age (Kaplan 5). Cromwell was the son of the wealthy Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. Oliver was vaguely related to Thomas Cromwell; Henry VIII's minister. His early years were ordinary; he went to Huntingdon Grammar School, and went on to complete his education at Sidney Sussex College (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). In the year of 1616 Cromwell attended Sidney Sussex College, where he earned a reputation for his commitment to Puritanism. There he was noted for his enthusiasm for sports and games rather than for his academic abilities. Cromwell's university career was cut short when his father died June 1617 and he returned home to manage his family estate and to look after his widowed mother and seven unmarried sisters (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). So during those years he lived in London; where he began drinking and wrenching. Through those years his behavior was very much frowned upon in his society (â€Å"Cromwell: Profiles in Power†). On August 22, 1620, at the age of twenty-one he married Elizabeth Bourchier, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a wealthy leather merchant. Oliver and his wife had a total of nine children, only eight of them survived infancy. Robert was the oldest child who was born October 1621, died aged 17 ... ...s power to Cromwell. This is ironic because Cromwell and the Parliament were fighting for equal power. The Parliament easily gave away their power without any disagreements. He had more power than King Charles would have ever hoped to have. Cromwell used the Parliament to his advantage; he influenced Parliament into funding just about everything he wanted to do. During that time Parliament helped to fund English wars and stop royalist rebellions (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). Cromwell was an excellent military general but not such a great leader. Oliver Cromwell died September 3, 1658 from malaria (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 120). His successor was his fifth son Richard but, his reign did not last long. In 1660 Monarchy returned to England and Charles II the son of Charles I became king. Cromwell’s body was embalmed and was secretly held in Westminster Abbey. Oliver Cromwell Essay -- Biography A strong man, with skillful military ability, helped to construct a plan to overthrow King Charles I during his reign of tyranny (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 79). Oliver Cromwell was well-known as one of the most controversial heroes of his time. Cromwell played a big part in the military as a soldier and a general. He was also a part of the English Parliament, which was somewhat corrupt during this time period. Oliver Cromwell was born April 25, 1599, in Huntingdon, England; near the end of the Elizabethan age (Kaplan 5). Cromwell was the son of the wealthy Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. Oliver was vaguely related to Thomas Cromwell; Henry VIII's minister. His early years were ordinary; he went to Huntingdon Grammar School, and went on to complete his education at Sidney Sussex College (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). In the year of 1616 Cromwell attended Sidney Sussex College, where he earned a reputation for his commitment to Puritanism. There he was noted for his enthusiasm for sports and games rather than for his academic abilities. Cromwell's university career was cut short when his father died June 1617 and he returned home to manage his family estate and to look after his widowed mother and seven unmarried sisters (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). So during those years he lived in London; where he began drinking and wrenching. Through those years his behavior was very much frowned upon in his society (â€Å"Cromwell: Profiles in Power†). On August 22, 1620, at the age of twenty-one he married Elizabeth Bourchier, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a wealthy leather merchant. Oliver and his wife had a total of nine children, only eight of them survived infancy. Robert was the oldest child who was born October 1621, died aged 17 ... ...s power to Cromwell. This is ironic because Cromwell and the Parliament were fighting for equal power. The Parliament easily gave away their power without any disagreements. He had more power than King Charles would have ever hoped to have. Cromwell used the Parliament to his advantage; he influenced Parliament into funding just about everything he wanted to do. During that time Parliament helped to fund English wars and stop royalist rebellions (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). Cromwell was an excellent military general but not such a great leader. Oliver Cromwell died September 3, 1658 from malaria (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 120). His successor was his fifth son Richard but, his reign did not last long. In 1660 Monarchy returned to England and Charles II the son of Charles I became king. Cromwell’s body was embalmed and was secretly held in Westminster Abbey.

Positioning Background Essay

Beginning of Positioning Positioning term This is awkward. Why not â€Å"The term positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  started in 1972, when Ries and Trout wrote several articles about â€Å"The Positioning Era† for the trade paper Advertising Age. It because ? familiar when more than 1000 speeches have had been given about Positioning among 21 different countries around the world to advertising groups. In addition, more than 150,000 copies of the â€Å"little orange booklet† were distributed which reprints the Advertising Age articles. (The Battle for your mind, 3) This paragraph has awkward wording. Also, check your tenses. What does Positioning Mean Many authors, professors and experts came up with the meaning of positioning; despite their differences they all have the same meaning. According to Ries and Trout (date) Positioning is not what you do to a product, Positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect (Book). Explain further. Similarly Jack Trout defines Positioning as to know how to grammatically wrong differentiate yourself from your competitors ( Paper). While Kotler (date) mentioned in his book as is the way that consumer defined the product on important attributes and how the place of produce in the consumers’ mind relative to competing products. (Armstrong & Kotler page 185)   This entire sentence is confusing. Rephrase it or break it down into several sentences so the idea can be better understood. after reviewing other authors definitions , we came up with our own definition so we can describe positioning as creating and designing a remarkable place in the market for certain product to be kept in the target market’s mind in order to increase or maximize the potential benefits. (Orange book, 172), (Red Book, 237), (Kotler Book, 310) There are missing articles here. Check grammar. The content is good and the idea is presented well enough. Importance of Positioning Going through several researches and books about Positioning strategy has shown how this strategy is playing an important role in the marketing. Implementing Positioning method gives the reason to buy your product rather your competitors’ product as Trout mentioned in his article (You have to tell your story as to why you are different or better). (The business Time Singapore) Another role of positioning is that, if a company does a great job pf positioning the market will not get confused and it would be much easier for the company to do the rest just by taking it from the positioning strategy such as the marketing planning and differentiation.(Kotler Book , 310)In addition, positioning really help the companies to produce differ and unique product from current and potential competing product, which can attract the target market in a positive way. Beside that, although there are continuous stream of advertising, customer would accept only the product that stuck in their mind due to knowledge or experience http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/ries-trout/positioning/. Also, concerning to the main point of positioning which is based on differentiation as Ries and Trout view it as a creative strategy must be taken for an existing brand in an overcrowded marketplace. . ( tree book , 193,194)   Check nouns that have to be pluralized. Grammar is wrong in certain sentences. Also, the first sentence is very confusing. Try breaking the ideas down into different sentences. Being successful is very easy when the product is well known and has a significant place in the market, while it could be very difficult if there is no major a little difference between the products. Therefore the succeed of firm’s positioning efforts is really very important. ( tree book , 193,) , This is similar to what is mentioned in to Trout & Al Ries book ( The Battle for your mind) , which is the easiest way to get into the consumer’s mind is to be the first , while being the second is nowhere.( The battle for your mind /19,21) Positioning Steps There are several steps to be followed in order to use Positioning strategy , which is mainly not about create new product , but its about manipulate with what’s already up there in the mind.( The battle for your mind , 5). But positioning steps can differ from author to author, as a result of that positioning step for two different authors will be explained below in order to came up with the summitries and difference: Walker & Boys Positioning Steps Walker and Boyd subtract the main steps from Ries and Trout books, articles. So any company who wants to reach the required position for its products and evaluating the new strategies for positioning a new entry, there are 8 steps outlined should be follow. These steps can be followed are very applicable as it can be use for product and service in any area. Here are the steps below: Identify a relevant set of competitive products: In this stage, marketers should make a positioning analysis, which means knowing the customer‘s opinion about certain products that can satisfy their basic needs and knowing our product’s competitors. But in order to know the products position in the market, marketer should use the positioning map (It called sometimes the perceptual map, its an excellent tool to know the brand position very well, it shows the position of new product with its competitors) which was the idea of Richard A. D’Aveni that came up several years ago. The market research is very necessary in this stage in order to get customer perception of the new product concept comparing with the same produce that have the same attributes. http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu/hbsp/hbr/articles/article.jsp?articleID=R0711G&ml_action=get-article&print=true Here is the example of positioning map: Two suggested criteria are used in order to make the judgment and the criteria are Fast delivery, limited or wide choice and comfortable environment. Then several brands are used in the map regarding how it position in the consumers’ mind considering the criteria. For example of that MacDonald is position as the fastest delivery service but limited choice unlike Caff Nero. This doesn’t mean that certain brand is better than another, it’s just that each brand is different and has special attributes. http://media3.bournemouth.ac.uk/marketing/10branding/05position.html Identify determinant attributes: Basically, positioning is really based on several attributes .But theoretically the consumer’ choice can be influenced by a small amount of features or benefits, because the greater number of features use for positioning a product, the greater the chance of confusion or even disbelief will be according to Trout & Al Ries (if you try to be all things to all people, you wind up with nothing). So, narrowing the focus of your expertise would be better in order to establish a unique position as specialist. (Battle for your mind, 195) However, using one or more features for position a product would really make the consumer recognize to attach that features with the product .So, the main attributes are: Features: It’s mainly used for physical product like the fastest or quietest product. Benefits: It’s the same as features which means it related to the product in direct way such as Volvo’s known on its safety and durability. Price/Quality: as Wal-Mart position itself as the lowest price seller of quality product and it has been very successful with that. Country or Geographic area: which means the product name include the name of country producer such as French wines and Russian Vodka. Determine consumers’ perceptions: In order to create perceptual map, marketers use several tools to collect and analyze customer’s perceptions about competitive positioning of alternative products used as Multidimensional scaling (MDS) which refer to several statistical techniques that are usually used in data visualization in order to identity the similarities and differences in data. While the Discriminate analysis it’s a statistical technique that used in marketing when there is only one dependent variable but several independent variables, it looks at the responses to the questions asked about the product attributes and underlining dimensions. http://www.indopedia.org/Discriminant_analysis_(in_marketing).html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling In this stage, the attributes should be identify by analyst in order the consumers use it to evaluate the product and service in the same category. Then, determine the best attributes that have been chosen by the consumer among all the brands. Therefore, this stage basically is about how the consumer’s positions the competitors in the market. Analyze the intensity of a product’s current position: Some brands might be recognize by consumers , while the others are not exits in the consumer’s mind .As a result, unknown brand would defiantly not occupy a position in the consumer’s mind. So, in order to acquiring an intense position, the first thing to do is building a brand awareness which must be associated with some concepts relating to the purchase decision strongly. But to reach an intense position, you should develop the relationship between the brand and few numbers of attributes. However, there are some chances that brand can gain a positioning intensity like when there are limited brands control certain a product in the market and consumer’s minds, so it’s not wise to competing head –on against the leaders on the basis of attributes by competitors because it’s not effective regarding Al Ries & Trout in their book (If you proposed position calls for head-to head approach against a marketing leader, forget it. Its better to go around an obstacle rather than over it . Back up .try to select a position that no one else has a firm grip on). A better option is to focus an attribute prized by member of given market segment such as targeted women and young families by Ford Windsatr minivan, as it has been introduce since 1994 with a successful advertising campaign which really helped to compete the leading minivan seller Dodge Caravan.( The Battle for your mind , 195) Analyze the product’s current position: In order to know if the brand occupies a strong position on particular attributes, marketer should make a lot of marketing researches and analyze by using some techniques such as Multidimensional scaling, discriminate analysis and perceptual positioning map. The perceptual positioning map would really help (see appendix 1) as a small distance between two brands shows that brands are considerable alike while the greater distance refer shows brands are being very different. So, the intensity of competition between the brands alike is much greater than the others. But always try to position your product in an empty space, being the first is the easiest way to get into a person’s mind due to Ries & Trout. (The battle for your mind, 19) In addition, the perceptual positioning map provides great information about position opportunities such as launching new brand or repositioning. It could be done by finding an empty space in the map which shows no store is exiting or located currently. But finding space or gap empty might be regarding couple reasons like technical constraints which will be impossible for any brand to attain. Determine consumers’ preferred combination of attributes: This stage is mainly about what are the most important attributes for consumers, so there are many different ways the analyst can be use to measure the customer preferences and make them involve in the positioning analysis. For example of that survey which can be answer by the consumer to know their opinion of the ideal product or brands within a product category. So, respondents can know what consumer wants by rating the ideal product and exiting products on number of attributes. Other option is not only to rate the similarity between couple of brands available in the market but also explain their degree of preference for each. For both cases the analyst, who use the suitable statistical techniques, will defiantly know where to locate the respondents, ideal point relative to the position for different available brands on the product space map. Define market positioning and market segmentation: To well define the market segmentation, the difference in the seeking benefits by different kind of consumer should be considered. Because regarding the difference of ideal point by consumer, reflects different benefits they seek. So, the market positioning analysis can defiantly classify the differences between the market segments and the unique position for different brands. If the consumer’s ideal point divided in two or more location on the product space map, it considerably defines each as different market segment. According to the analyst is that each cluster represent by circle the induce most of the ideal points for the segment and the size of the circle shows the relative proportion of customer within a particular segment. So, by knowing the customer preference in different segments together with the awareness of the existing brands, analyst can figure out three things like how strong is the competitive between different brands in different segments, the intensity of the competition between brands in a given segment and the great chance for getting a differentiated position within known target segment. Select a positioning strategy : In the final stage, where it comes to answer the question where should certain company position a new brand or repositioning, so there are two things should be based one choosing the strategies which are market target analysis and result of market positioning analysis. When choosing the position, it should match the preferences of specific market segment and considered the positions of current competing brands. Other aspects should be considered also such as the attractiveness for target market, strengths and weakness of competitors as well as the required cost to maintain these positions. There are seven different positioning strategies, which can be chosen based on how to reach its marketing objectives: Monosegment positioning: It’s about produce a product and makes a special marketing program to the preference of a single market segment. This strategy considered as an advantage for the brand within the target market, but it won’t gain a lot of sales in other segment. The best use of this strategy with mass marketing. Multisegment positioning: This strategy produces a product that attract different consumer from different segments. The features of this strategy are very attractive as its offer higher economies of scale ,smaller investment requirements, avoid dispersion of managerial attention .The best use of this strategy when the individual segment are small. Standby positioning: it’s not a wise to switch of using Monosegment and Multisegment, so using several brands that each one positioned to serve only one segment’ needs, although if it increase the total market share. So, there is a possibility to use Monosegment strategy when they have to do so. Therefore, standby strategy is prepared plan that include product specifications, product attributes as well as details for the marketing program which will be used for new product position   . Imitative positioning: It’s the same as the head on strategy, where a new brand position itself the same as or slimier of it competitors. Using this strategy can be suitable sometimes, when a new brand’s firm has distinctive advantages beyond positioning such as better access to channels of distribution. Anticipatory positioning: It’s considered as evolution strategy that can match the segments’ need. Its appropriate when new brand doesn’t not expect a fast acceptance and popularity. Adaptive positioning: It can be used in certain period in order to reposition the brand to satisfy the new segment’s needs. Defensive positioning: when a company occur strong positioning in the market with a single brand , it uses its completive   strategies and introduce a new additional brand in the same position and segment. David & Aaker Positioning steps: Regarding David A. Aaker & J. Gary Shansby , professors of marketing at the University of   California , they have introduced six steps for developing a positioning strategy : Identify the competitors : List the competitors in number of ways in order to have primary and secondary groups of competitors. For example of that grouping other diet cola drinks, all cola drinks, all soft drinks, nonalcoholic beverages, all beverages. Another way is the development of associations of product with use situations, such as asked about the appropriate beverage for the snack, then asked more specific question in order to have a list of use beverage resulted. Also, the other group will be asked which beverage is suitable for which situation, and the beverage that ranked as for the snack, it will be compete primarily with the appropriate beverage for the snack. This would really help in knowing and identifying the competitors although the market research is not used. Determine how the competitors are Perceived and Evaluated: In this step the buyers are the main resources as they are the target market, so for example the first question will be to identify the two most similar brands from a set of three competing brands and the reasons for being this two similar and different from the other .Next, respondents would be asked which of the tow you prefer and why. After that, using logic, judgment or factor analysis in order to remove all the extra points from the list. The final step is to identify which brand is the most important to respondents. Determine the competitors’ portions: In this stage, we are going to know how each competitor include our entry position itself in the market with the respect for each other. Multidimensional scaling can be used because its purpose is to scale objects on several dimensions. So, simply to ask a group of our target market to scale the various objects on the product association dimensions. This is the same as the perceptual map, even though it has some major disadvantages such as unfamiliarity with some brands, difference among respondent. Analyzing the customers: Understand the customer and know how the market is segmented would really help I knowing how to choose the best positioning strategy. Of course there are many questions should be asked in our mind such as what is the behavior of our target , how the product’s role play in the customer’s lifestyle †¦etc. A very important approach for segmentation is benefit segmentation which refers to the benefits of product or the product association that customer believes how it’s important. So, in order to know the rate of product association, customer can be asked to know their judgments or their point of view about the ideal brands which will be combination of the entire customer’s preferred product association. Customers are then will be divided as group defined by product association. However, having different group would really help to ask each group what they like about it the brand and how they can describe it. Then , the result will show if it need an improve for the brand’s image by more understating for the lifestyle of segmentations, behavior, income and many other things in order to target the segmentation well. Making the Positioning Decision: There are four steps should be considered before taking the actual positioning decision: Positioning usually implies a segmentation commitment: which means that before the decision is made, the commitment in focusing on certain segments should be made in order not to turn back on to seek potential buyers as well as not be constrained by the reaction of other segments. An economic analysis should guide the decision: basically, there is tow factors should be depending on the potential market size X the penetration probability. Attracted a sizeable segment by a positing strategy is considered as one implication for the structure. In addition if group of customers are attracted to there brand, it should have worthwhile market share to begin with. Also, if new buyers attracted to the product class, an assessment should be done to the potential size of that growth area. If the advertising is working stick with it: having a good advertisement campaign that can represent or reflect the brand image as it required is the key of good advertising , no matter how long it has been shown because the value of consistency through time cant be overestimated. Don’t try to be something you are not: sometimes it’s tempting to decide on a positioning strategy that exploit a market need or opportunity, but assume your product is something its So, test the product in order to ensure it deliver what it promises and compatible with a proposed image. Monitoring the Position: the positioning objective should be measurable like any marketing objectives, therefore in order to evaluate the positioning and get information about future positioning strategies, it’s very essential to monitor the position consistency. For example of that Hamburger Helper used personality test. Compare between 2 authors Even though Trout & Al Ries are the main founders or creators of Positioning, they did not write about specific steps for Positioning, but others professors and authors extract the steps from their articles, books and lectures among the years. So, there are different number of steps are mentioned by different authors, but overall they aiming for the same purpose. So, a comparison will be made between Walker and Boyed (W &B) & A. Aaker and J. Gary Shansby (A & J) in order to clarify the similarities and differences. First of all, as can be seen from the report above that W &B mentioned or talked about 8 steps for using Positioning strategy, while A &J summarize their steps into 6. Both W & B and A & J talked about Identifying the competitors, which A &J mentioned it in both step 1 and 2, the first step is where to list the competitors while in the second step knowing the consumers opinion about the competitors’ products. But, W & B instead of that recommend to use the perceptual map in the first step as it in order to know the product’s position regarding its competitors. In addition, W & B recommended to use the perceptual map in the first step to know the consumer’s opinion about certain product that similar to yours based on two suggested criteria. Using the perceptual map is very informative as it shows our competitors, beside that the consumers’ opinions about them by rank them in different places. Both if them W & B and A & J talked about the same point in the step three which is Knowing the competitors position in the market, although each one talked about using different tools as A & J recommend to use Multidimensional scaling and W & B recommended to use Multidimensional scaling and Discriminate analysis to create the perceptual map. They recommend to use the Discriminate analysis when there is only one dependent variable but several independent variables. However, step 4 for A & J is about Analyzing the customers, while for the   W & B they talked about it in steps two, six and seven. Al though their are different in title but it has the same purpose which is knowing what customer preferred attributes for the product in order to provide it in the product. A & J not only use this step to know customer’s preferred product association but also use the consumer’ answers or result to improve the product’s image. The same thing for W & B but they use the result for getting better differentiated position within known target segment .Also, W& B recommend to use different tools to be involve in the positioning analysis such as surveys in order to know the consumer’s ideal brand attributes. As for the step four according to W & B its Analyze the intensity of a product’s current position, this is also mentioned by A & J in step six but not in details because they focus more in monitoring the position in the future. Both of them talked about evaluate the position of our product and how strong the position is regarding the competitors. In addition W & B gave some solutions in order to acquiring an intense position. On the other hand, the final steps for both of them are quite different as W & B talked about several different strategies that should be chosen from based on how to reach its marketing objectives, while step 5 for A & J is giving the process for how to take the positioning decision considering many other aspect in order to choose the right and most suitable strategy as they don’t consider choosing the strategy as a step because I think following all the steps they mentioned would make the strategy choice much easier. Hotel Positioning    Hotel considered as any product or company that aims to attract customers, by position itself in the right place. Having a unique market position would boost the market share. Therefore, the argument here is how to make the travelers to book our hotel rather than other’s properties, which is known as market position. The Hotel position must provides several attributes that guests needs and wants. There are two perspectives can be evaluated the hotel brand’s position which are the brand’s management and guest. First the brand’s management should have several concept or plan of the hotel’s intended position and what it will offer to be different than its competitors. As for the guest, the hotel should provide what it does promise. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/segmentation-targeting/537095-1.html However, to establish new hotel brand there are many questions should be answer such as what position you already own due to overcrowded society with very strong hotel brand like Sheraton, Hilton†¦etc. So, it’s very easy to work with other brands out there during the positioning strategy according to Trout & Ries (The battle for your mind, 193). This means, knowing how people in the UAE see Al Dar and try to apply it in the hotel rather than taking other places because it would be very hard especially who has a very long history in the hospitality industry. Review Don’t use â€Å"So† to start a sentence. Check your subject-verb agreements. Your sentences are mostly too long. Although you clearly have a good grasp of the content, the presentation is confusing. Don’t try to cram all your ideas into one sentence. The citations are not MLA style. Check for missing articles and for misplaced articles. Some wordings are awkward and need to be revised. Although the outline and the flow is clearly well thought out, you need to be more academic in your writing. Don’t shorten your words. Use â€Å"It is† instead of â€Å"It’s†. Where you are more comfortable using simpler words, do so. Avoid double negatives such as â€Å"doesn’t not† Grammar is badly in need of editing. There are a lot of unnecessary words that just make the lengthy sentences confusing. Instead of using â€Å"For example of that† why not â€Å"An example of that is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Say â€Å"with respect to† not â€Å"with respect for†. An â€Å" ‘s† indicates possession or ownership while simply adding an â€Å"s† indicates plurality. There are a lot of instances wherein the two are confused for each other. Check the verbs. Know when to use gerunds and know when not to. â€Å"Cant† is different from â€Å"can’t† There are instances where â€Å"there† is used when it should be â€Å"their†. Also check for missing linking verbs. The paper gives the reader the idea that the author understands the concepts very well. However, it does not give the reader much insight as to what those concepts are. One can easily get lost in the long sentences. The grammar and tense problems also add to the confusion.

Advantages of Chemical and Biological Weapons Essay

Chemical and Biological Weapons are Your FriendsAs we go on our daily lives, terrorists are buying and developing dangerous and hazardous biological and chemical weapons to obliterate us. They do not care who they harm; their mission is to cause terror, to spread chaos, to engulf the world in anarchy. They want to know that they are making people terminally ill and sick. They will be enjoying a job well done while your skin is covered with excruciating painful blisters, or while you tell your loved ones that everything will be fine when there will clearly be a fatal result. Chemical and biological warfare has been around for many centuries. This type of warfare is not new. The Chinese, Greeks, and indigenous groups from South America used it. Whether it was arrows tipped with toxins, or the catapulting bacteria infested bodies, or the burning of toxic chemicals, each had its own deadly way of taking out the enemy. (Solomon 5-6) The U.S. should not stop developing biological and chemical weapons. Chemical and Biological warfare is most useful for taking out enemy personnel behind enemy lines. Al Mauronis book, Chemical and Biological Warfare, states, The larger artillery projectiles [] might use mustard, VX, or thickened GD to contaminate areas behind enemy forces, threatening their ability to resupply or to reinforce a particular sector (108). It is an inexpensive way to eliminate foes compared to sending in an army battalion and risk losing human lives. The biggest benefit from using biochemical weapons, as opposed to sending in persons to do the attacking, is that you can be far away from the danger of combat, and thereby limit exposure to your own troops. The biochemical strike can be executed from either a long-range cruise missile or you can have a stealth bomber deliver it to the exact point where the enemy is situated. This way the U.S. military have less casualties and losses. To further understand how to protect ourselves, we must develop these weapons and test them. There is no way of knowing when a terrorist cell in hiding is planning an attack so we must be prepared with full comprehension of these destructive weapons. How are we supposed to defend ourselves without any knowledge whatsoever of these weapons? We must not only protect ourselves  with precautionary weapons and plans but we must also arm ourselves with knowledge of these weapons. The U.S. must develop, research, and execute defensive plans so we can be safe. There are countries that will use these weapons, but they are also fearful of those weapons being used against them. That is why it crucial for the U.S. to have these weapons at hand. You can prevent a war and make a nation surrender with just the threat of launching a biochemical strike. Saddam Hussein stalled the US for a total of six months from invading Iraq by just mentioning that the country was willing to use biochemical weapons if the U.S. tried to invade. This is called brinkmanship. Just having biochemical weapons is like having a temporary shield that protects against invasion from an opposing country. Countries are fearful of brinkmanship and usually one country will back down for fear of total annihilation- annihilation, a reality that our generation must now try in order to do everything in our power to prevent it from happening. One may think that these weapons of mass destruction will only cause, well destruction, but what people dont know is that they have already done some good. Smallpox has been eradicated because it was proven to be extremely deadly in weapons tests and so it was practically wiped out. It now exists only in two heavily guarded facilities in Russia and the United States. They are not to be destroyed because these weapons of mass destruction may be useful in developing vaccines, antiviral drugs, and diagnostic tests. Bibliography: Mauroni, Al. Chemical and Biological Warfare. Contemporary World Issue. California: Santa Ana, 2003Solomon, Brian, ed. Chemical and Biological Warfare. New York: Dublin, 1999. Stone, J.D.. Free Republic 10/8/2008 .

uncletomscabin essays

uncletomscabin essays Analysis of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe The book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, is thought of as a fantastic, even fanatic, representation of Southern life, most memorable for its emotional oversimplification of the complexities of the slave system, says Gossett (4). Harriet Beecher Stowe describes her own experiences or ones that she has witnessed in the past through the text in her novel. She grew up in Cincinnati where she had a very close look at slavery. Located on the Ohio River across from the slave state of Kentucky, the city was filled with former slaves and slaveholders. In conversation with black women who worked as servants in her home, Stowe heard many stories of slave life that found their way into the book. Some of the novel was based on her reading of abolitionist books and pamphlets, the rest came straight from her own observations of black Cincinnatians with personal experience of slavery. She uses the characters to represent popular ideas of her time, a time when slavery was the biggest issue that people were dealing with. Uncle Tom's Cabin was an unexpected factor in the dispute between the North and South. The book sold more than 300,000 copies during the first year of publication, taking thousands of people by surprise. Mr. Shelby is a Kentucky plantation owner who is forced by debt to sell two of his slaves to a trader named Haley. Uncle Tom, the manager of the plantation, understands why he must be sold. The other slave marked for sale is Harry, a four-year-old. His mother, Mrs. Shelby's servant, Eliza, overhears the news and runs away with the little boy. She makes her way up to the Ohio River, the boundary with the free state of Ohio. In Ohio, Eliza is sheltered by a series of kind people. At a Quaker settlement, she is reunited with her husband, George Harris. George's master abused him even though George was intelligent and hard-working, and he had decided to escape. T...

Worksheet for Chebyshevs Inequality

Worksheet for Chebyshev's Inequality Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 1 -1/K2 of data from a sample must fall within K standard deviations from the mean, where ​​K is any positive real number greater than one. This means that we don’t need to know the shape of the distribution of our data. With only the mean and standard deviation, we can determine the amount of data a certain number of standard deviations from the mean. The following are some problems to practice using the inequality. Example #1 A class of second graders has a mean height of five feet with a standard deviation of one inch. At least what percent of the class must be between 4’10† and 5’2†?​​ Solution The heights that are given in the range above are within two standard deviations from the mean height of five feet. Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 1 – 1/22 3/4 75% of the class is in the given height range. Example #2 Computers from a particular company are found to last on average for three years without any hardware malfunction, with a standard deviation of two months. At least what percent of the computers last between 31 months and 41 months? Solution The mean lifetime of three years corresponds to 36 months. The times of 31 months to 41 months are each 5/2 2.5 standard deviations from the mean. By Chebyshev’s inequality, at least 1 – 1/(2.5)62 84% of the computers last from 31 months to 41 months. Example #3 Bacteria in a culture live for an average time of three hours with a standard deviation of 10 minutes. At least what fraction of the bacteria live between two and four hours? Solution Two and four hours are each one hour away from the mean. One hour corresponds to six standard deviations. So at least 1 – 1/62 35/36 97% of the bacteria live between two and four hours. Example #4 What is the smallest number of standard deviations from the mean that we must go if we want to ensure that we have at least 50% of the data of a distribution? Solution Here we use Chebyshev’s inequality and work backward. We want 50% 0.50 1/2 1 – 1/K2. The goal is to use algebra to solve for K. We see that 1/2 1/K2. Cross multiply and see that 2 K2. We take the square root of both sides, and since K is a number of standard deviations, we ignore the negative solution to the equation. This shows that K is equal to the square root of two. So at least 50% of the data is within approximately 1.4 standard deviations from the mean. Example #5 Bus route #25 takes a mean time of 50 minutes with a standard deviation of 2 minutes. A promotional poster for this bus system states that â€Å"95% of the time bus route #25 lasts from ____ to _____ minutes.† What numbers would you fill in the blanks with? Solution This question is similar to the last one in that we need to solve for K, the number of standard deviations from the mean. Start by setting 95% 0.95 1 – 1/K2. This shows that 1 - 0.95 1/K2. Simplify to see that 1/0.05 20 K2. So K 4.47. Now express this in the terms above. At least 95% of all rides are 4.47 standard deviations from the mean time of 50 minutes. Multiply 4.47 by the standard deviation of 2 to end up with nine minutes. So 95% of the time, bus route #25 takes between 41 and 59 minutes.